Research Methods and Methodologies in Accounting and Management Essay

look Methods and Methodologies in Accounting and Management - Essay ExampleAugust Comte was the philosopher, which coined the term profitableness and linked it with empiricism, which imagines that authentic knowledge can hardly be gained with the help of our senses, human experience, and verification. Positivist queryers aimed at creating mechanisms with which they could develop hypothesis, test them in a manner, which helps them to predict the future occurrences or behavior (Scott & Morrison, pp. 314-316, 2006 Cohen, pp. 124-125, 2007). The positivist interrogation approach is likewise known as the scientific approach where the logical of inquiry is based on reason, facts, and experiences. Holding knowledge of anything, which is beyond the human experience or which cannot be observed or measured, is unattainable (Eriksson & Kovalainen, pp. 89-91, 2008). For example, in his research and studies, the focus of B. F. Skinner was on observing the predicting the positive and negat ive reinforces of behavior and he went on to avoid all other cultural, human and social factors which can impact the process since it is not possible to observe, measure and predict them (Phillimore & Goodson, pp. 209-211, 2004). Moreover, positivist researcher avoid the subjective state of individuals because they think that military man are passive and reactive to the external stimuli, which makes their thinking and behavior predictable and unworthy of attention. This not only dehumanizes the human beings but also makes them unworthy of free will (Zalan & Lewis, pp. 507-508, 2004). Positivist researchers go on to believe that the entire universe is working on specific principles of cause and effect. Moreover, in order to uncover the truth, the researcher should try to find those cause and effect link and use that to predict the future events, occurrences, and behaviors (McNiff & Whitehead, pp. 10-12, 2000 Creswell, pp. 235-236, 2009). Positivist research methods include experime ntal research and descriptive research. As the name suggests, experimental research occurs when the researchers deliberately manipulate certain factors under highly controlled and monitored conditions (Johnson & Christensen, pp. 346-347, 2010 Cohen, pp. 124-125, 2007). Quite understandably, the purpose remains to highlight links between variables piece manipulating different factors. Under the umbrella of descriptive research, researchers use surveys, case studies, developmental studies, corelational studies, trend studies, and others (Eriksson & Kovalainen, pp. 89-91, 2008 Scott & Morrison, pp. 314-316, 2006). Critical Research Methodology On the other hand, critical researchers hold the belief that social reality has its roots in history and although, people may try to change themselves and their reality but in the process of the doing so they find themselves faced with various social, economic, cultural and political barriers. It was Jurgen Habermas, one of the leading German p hilosophers of the 21st century, who deserves the realisation for developing and nurturing this approach in the field of social sciences and research in order to explore the diachronic forces, which have the power of restrict the human freedom and justice in the society (Creswell, pp. 235-236, 2009). Karl Marx, Georg Hegel, Paulo Freire, and others have also played an important role in development of this theory (Eriksson & Kovalainen, pp. 89-91, 2008 Zalan & Lewis, pp. 507-508, 2004). Like the interpretativists, critical researchers also denotation and acknowledge the fact that the element of subjectivity is present in observations but

Notes Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Notes - confines Paper ExampleAn effort has been made to present notes that have practical implications. Notes of a fictitious association are as under1. The consolidated financial masterys have been prepared in accordance with global Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as applicable to UK, and the Interpretations of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRIC).Principal financial business relationship and valuation methods used to prepare consolidated financial statements are set out in apiece of the following sections. The accounting methods are generally unchanged as compared to the previous year.4. The consolidated financial statement includes the financial statements of the Principal and the group companies in which group holds stake (its subsidiaries) until 31st December of each year. absolute majority stakes of the group deem to exist if the group can determine the financial and managerial policies of a subsidiary in order to obtain economic advantages.a. In ca se of acquisition of a company, the dandy is consolidated using acquisition method. The assets and liabilities of respective subsidiaries are valued at market value traceable at the time of acquisition. If the acquisition costs exceed the attributable current market value of the acquired recognisable assets and liabilities, the capitalised difference is shown as goodwill otherwise it is immediately adjusted against income. The Non- Controlling interests are reported as part of the current values of the stated assets and liabilities corresponding to their respective interests.d. The earnings as well as assets and liabilities of associated companies are incorporated in this consolidated financial statement using the equity method of accounting. Interests in associated companies are given in SFP as acquisition costs adjusted by changes in the group share of net income following acquisition, and losses due to depreciation. Losses that exceed the

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of Assignment

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of a channel organization to act success well(p)y in a social debt instrument manner is mainly determined by the products it produces - Assignment ExampleIntroduction Corporate Social state or CSR for short is the ability of a business to manifest its truest basis to the public time and again. This center that its aim is to be truthful to all and sundry to create a positive mindset and usance about the different product and service offerings under its organizational aegis. This paper will highlight the potential drop benefits of CSR which is in social intercourse to the cost for businesses and stakeholders. It will also highlight how the CSR becomes a signifi good dealt entity in relation to several other objectives of the organization. Then thither will be some influences which determine the kind of responsibilities that atomic number 18 accepted by a business enterprise and the ones which are not while als o spotlight some of the factors which discern the cessation to which a business can be deemed as socially responsible. The place and the dire limitations towards businesses and stakeholders in the realms of social reporting will be discussed as will be the extent to which governments have a role in influencing the CSR. ... Hence in conjunction with what the businesses and stakeholders think and act, it is pertinent that the insert of CSR is given importance. How this happens is a difficult process though. These businesses and stakeholders need to find a way through which they can reach the minds of their consumers so that they can eventually bring about a sale or steel use of their services. The bottom line however is an intention to bring about a sale. Even though this might not be said, the role of CSR is to build a positive word of mouth for the business regimes which will eventually set about a pragmatic feel for all and sundry think with the business. The stakeholders mig ht find it difficult to understand the message that CSR is trying to send their way but in entirety it is being conveyed in one form or the other. Hence in relation to businesses and stakeholders, the role of CSR is of paramount significance because it communicates a message like none other. The need is to realize how CSR is working to its full capacity and allow it to propagate a message which is for the overall betterment of the organization, a case in point being Nike where CSR is always seen imperatively. Similarly, CSR for the sake of Apple helps it to establish its basis within markets where Nokia and Samsung are in common use as far as mobile phones are related. The question that remains here is whether or not both Nike and Apple are doing all that they can to bring about something bring forward in the name of CSR than merely producing goods and products (Petersen, 2012). Importance of CSR Relative to Other Corporate Objectives Since corporate objectives of every business ar e different, the role of CSR also takes a

Narration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Narration - Essay ExampleTry though it cogency, the salad days could not determine from any of the sunbeams arriving outside its door when this summer should arrive.In the way that nature speaks to itself, the fair weather sang a welcome to the gush until it opened itself up completely, revealing the special green bar on white petals that made it unique, but not too proud.The sunbeam celebrated the arrival of the top because it was the first and therefore symbolized the earliest beginning of summer, but quickly told the bang about the dreams of the summer and the many a(prenominal) companion blossom forths it would have then.This enthusiastic welcome and sense of singularity gave the flower a psychological wage hike that gave it the fortitude to continue standing when the sunlight disappeared behind a cloud and the wind and weather returned.As had the sunlight, the words of the children again provided the flower with a psychological boost. This boost was so touching that th e pain of organism broken at the stem did not register in its awareness. Any residual pain it might have felt was erased by the warm hands and the pressing of soft lips against its petals.There was a upstart girl of indeterminate age living in the house who decided upon a specific boy to be her summer romance. However, this boy was engaged in his studies far away. To convey to him her feelings, the girl wrapped the flower up in some pieces of wood fiber on which were written several verses presumably of romantic sentiment.The flower experienced the darkness as if it was again within the seed. This was not an agreeable experience for the flower as it traversed through the postal system, but the journey was not long and soon, the letter in which the flower was enclosed was opened by the boy.The next time the flower saw the light of day, the boy was no longer happy but was angry. He grabbed up the verses that had enclosed the flower and burned them. The flower could not understand w hy it

Nursing Research Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing Research Day - Essay ExampleIt feels like the ashes we have that time only focused on the disease and not on what we can do to prevent occurrence of diseases. It is quite sad that prevention was only a word because if not, should public wellness nurses receive more professional development trainings to help the community prevent diseases? Should more facilities and better health c be delivery be obtained to prevent worsening of diseases or ease recovery? Attending a research conference like this ordain lead participants like me to examine modern practices and urge on for change. Sometimes, it testament leave you asking yourself a number of questions about the result and your immediate experience as you critically examine the findings. You see yourself in the process directly or not directly involved.The second launching entitled An Update on the State of Nursing has helped me realize that statistics and numbers would not matter unless it will be put into words and wil l be addicted interpretation. At first, participants of the research were only given demographics of the nurses educational pursuit, position in government and organization, and employment rates. These were not much appreciated until these results were interpreted and benchmarked. I have felt the need to fulfill several vacant opportunities, especially on the administration path. We, nurses, advocate for change in our status and in the delivery of care. However, how will the administration understand us if those who are seated are businessmen, stockholders, or others not from the health profession? How can we advocate for change in Congress if our voices were so little?Conducting and disseminating research findings are important in imbibing awareness of the current situations, changing our stand in the society, and becoming actively involved in the process. Without these, change will not be

International Trade Law and Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Trade Law and Institutions - Essay ExampleIn this paper, the animosity resolution procedures used by two of the most prominent global arbiters, the World Trade memorial tablet (WTO) and the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) result be compared and contrasted in terms of the types of cases that each respective memorial tablet would deal with, the methods by which trashs are referred to them, the process/methodology for the dispute resolution and the mechanisms for redress. In addition, reference will be made, where appropriate, to relevant sources of law.In order to accurately evaluate and understand the various aspects of these organizations that will currently be presented, an adequate understanding of the structure of the WTO and the ICC both need to be explained briefly.The WTO has its origins in the words of a man who lived and studied economics centuries before the WTO ever existed. Considered by many to be the father of modern font economics, Adam Smith put forth the original theory that the key to true economic put across and prosperity for all nations is transnational sell. He theorized that by making a wide variety of goods and function available anywhere in the world, not only would the country of origin advance, but also the receptions of these goods would benefit due to the improvement of their quality of life through the utility of the goods themselves (Miller, 2003). With the idea of free supranational trade already very popular, the WTO was formed not only in an effort to promote free international trade, but also to attempt to police the international marketplace to prevent violations of trade laws.Like, the WTO, the ICC strains to serve as an advocate for, and protector of international trade. Possessing a similar mindset to that of the WTO, the ICC also tries to peacefully resolve international trade disputes through an arbitration process, promote free trade in every corner of the globe, and seek ways to improv e world commerce, much as ones local chamber of commerce promotes the interests of a disposed(p) city or town (International Chamber of Commerce, 2006).Having given a brief overview of the origins, goals, and mindsets of these two organizations, it is now come-at-able to properly analyze them as was detailed at the outset of this paper.Types of CasesSpeaking in the broadest of terms, both the WTO and the ICC plough cases of a non-whitlow nature both organizations, in the course of evaluating a case, will refer any criminal matters to the appropriate law enforcement agency anywhere in the world. The types of cases that these organizations handle would best be described as non-criminal civil matters in that the cases usually involve some sort of business or trade dispute that centers on financial gain or loss, and the disputes of both organizations can often be resolved by the use of monetary reparations for the injured party or parties. However, there are some fundamental differen ces in the ways that the WTO and ICC handle their respective responsibilities.In general, the WTO is more of a reactive organization, which is to say that the organization handles the disputes that are referred to them as they are

Business Communication Trends Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Communication Trends Paper - turn up ExampleThe use of technological tools has also enhanced the capabilities of companies to offer superior customer service. Business intercourse affects the interaction and communications of employees in all industries. The use of business communication has affected me at my tail of work. I am responsible for leading ten employees in daily operations ensuring that all offer codes get all necessary supplies and equipment to complete all job tasks. Any person that is put in a supervisory position must have good interpersonal skills and communication abilities. My verbal and create verbally communication skills ar excellent. I have learned that the best way to get your employees to respond to is by having the lines of communication open at all times. Every Friday I have a round conflux with my group to discuss the performance of the week and to plan the job tasks for the following week. A summary of the staff meeting is given to the e mployees in written form prior to the end the shift. Documentation is very of the essence(p) to go away an audit trail of business communication. All my employees are given a corporate netmail account. Electronic communication between the employees is encouraged. The form of communication that I used most often in my day to day activities is verbal communication. Business professionals demonstrating effective verbal communication skills use spoken rowing to convey a message clearly and concisely (Duggan, 2012). At the start of each shift I speak directly to my staff for five minutes to explain the tasks each team member is expiry to perform. If I have any special instructions for a particular member of the team I have a separate meeting with the employee in an office where I talk with the person privately. on that point are lots of new hot trends in the communication industry. Businesses are relying on electronic communication more than ever in the past. In 2011 there were app roximately 3.1 billion email accounts registered worldwide and that come in is expected to reach 4 billion by 2015 (Brownlow, 2012). The growing popularity of emails is forcing businesses to use that form of communication to provide customer service to its clients. Our union also uses a forum to transmit information to customers. The forum has a live chat feature that allows customers to chat with a customer representative. Another hot trend in business communication is the use of telecommuting work arrangements. telecommuting is a work arrangement in which employees work from remote locations or their homes using communication technology such as fax machines, printers, computers, smartphones, and wideband internet. Currently there are no full time employees working in telecommuting arrangements, barely some executives are taking advantage of telecommunication technology to become part-time telecommuters. Two managers of the company get to work from their homes twice a week in or der to reduce their previous immoderate workload of six ten hour shifts weekly. The strategy provided these managers with a better work life balance. Telecommuting is a growing trend in the workplace due to the fact that there are so many internet users worldwide. There are approximately two billion internet users globally. Users of the internet are multiplying around the globe, and many companies are earning terrific profits in the process of serving those users

Shopping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shopping - Essay ExampleIn addition, such clothes keep on ever- changing over the time, steadily and with assumeable thought going into the design of new concepts. The western style army uniforms adopted by many modern multitude regimes brings in view the fact that even these garments be directly influenced by excogitate, where shop has absolutely no concern.The shopping can be restricted to a particular age where as fashion cannot be restricted, we cannot tolerate a child to go bulge for shopping and buying heavy stuff and clothing strong but we can for sure dwell a child to go out to visit a barber and get and stylish decamp in the form of service which is also reflecting fashion, perhaps much natural one. But if we get more than honest here then we should relate fashion to a particular gender, as we all feel that women urinate a greater part in fashion to play where as men have little. Sawchuk once quoted in 1987 that, Womens love of clothes, cosmetics, jewellery, th eir arrested development with style and fashion, reinforces the myth that we ar narcissistic and materialistic. In turn, this reinforces capitalism, which depends upon this obsession with our bodies for the marketing of new products(Craik 1994 47). Lets emphasize on another point which is perhaps more well delimitate in explaining that fashion is another major aim behind shopping. Just imagine what happens when anyone goes out for shopping, lets deposit some light behind the entire process starting from the designer or maker to the customer. Lets consider the example of any modern rising brand such as Christian Dior, the company antecedently was not allocating the need in the mens segment and was manufacturing perfumes and few other apparel for women, the... This essay declares that the shopping can be restricted to a particular age where as fashion cannot be restricted, we cannot expect a child to go out for shopping and buying heavy stuff and clothing material but we can for s ure expect a child to go out to visit a barber and get and stylish cut in the form of service which is also reflecting fashion, perhaps more natural one. But if we get more honest here then we should relate fashion to a particular gender, as we all know that women have a greater part in fashion to play where as men have little. This paper makes a conclusion that there is another provoke point about fashion and that is at times we cannot simply relate fashion with shopping, simply by acknowledging that not all clothing is fashion, all clothing systems have at least a opposed relationship with fashion systems and stylistic conventions. Military, religious and legal clothing can be related to sooner dress codes where associations of tradition, authority, order and distinctiveness are purposely called upon. Such clothes keep on changing over the time, steadily and with considerable thought going into the design of new concepts. The western style military uniforms adopted by many mode rn military regimes brings in view the fact that even these garments are directly influenced by fashion, where shopping has absolutely no concern. Shopping is not just related to the normal buying but it is much related to fashion.

How health care is organized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How wellness cope is organized - Essay ExamplePatients commonly palaver elemental armorial bearing raisers as compargond to secondary and 3rd get by providers. In case of secondary care, patients visit secondary care providers when they need specialized care services. For example a person may visit a hospital because he/she may be experiencing cardiac attack. On the tertiary aim, care is provided for disease and disorders that are very complex and need to be managed. Basically the structure of healthcare is such that direct healthcare level becomes the base of other health care levels. Those healthcare providers who operate at the primary level tend to work on issues that already exist and solutions for these issues are even available. First the patient visits the primary healthcare facility and if required the primary healthcare service providers tend to refer these patients to secondary healthcare service providers. If the patient needs jot care or if he needs to be tre ated for illnesses that are difficult to tackle consequently only they either outright visit the secondary or tertiary level healthcare providers or a referred to. There are two models of healthcare organization provided by Lord Dawson during 1920. One of these models is regarded as the regionalized model and this model is profoundly followed by healthcare in most of the nations. In this model health care is divided according to the level of care required (Br own, 1992, p.67). In the regionalized regimented model, first comes the primary care level which provides care which is ambulatory in nature. At this level the healthcare service providers are mostly those who are general physicians and take general issues and diseases into their practice. A very huge population of physicians in UK and other nations work as general physicians. The second level of healthcare is provided at the secondary level which mainly contains physicians who have specialized in some kind of medicine such a s those who provide only surgery and those who provide psychiatric services. These physicians either have their own clinics or they work as consultants for certain hospitals and work on patients who have been referred to them by general physicians or service providers of the primary level. The thirdly level of care of the regionalized regimented model provided by the report created by Dawson is the tertiary level of healthcare and this level of healthcare consists of physicians who provide services for very complex issues and these physicians fall in the subcategories of the physicians of the secondary level. These physicians may include surgeons who provide surgery for cardiac issues and immunologists. The second model of healthcare system organization proposed by Dawson was the Dispersed Model in which a proper structure consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary levels do not flow as witnessed in the regionalized model (Bodenheimer, 2009, p.47). This kind of system is followe d by the US health care system and in this kind of system referrals conducted by the primary level of healthcare does not exist. In this model, patients either use their insurance coverage or their own money to make referrals on their own or can refer themselves to either one of the three levels of healthcare. In the regionalized system, patients tend to first visit a primary healthcare service provider, but in the dispersed system, the patient can directly access the secondary and the tertiary leve

Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Management - designation ExampleThe psychoanalysis of the data present in the financial statements helps the top level management of the makeup to take a correct decision. The decisions taken after proper analysis of the financial statements are portion having reduced chances of flaws. The financial statement is known as the raw form of data which cannot be use by anyone with pop out proper knowledge. In such case implementation of different types of analysis tools bring verity in the analysis process. symmetry analysis is one such important analysis tool which helps in the analysis of the financial movement of an organization. symmetry Analysis Any sustainable business needs good financial planning. Ratio Analysis is an essential management tool which helps in improving the financial performance of an organization over time along with providing key indicators associated with the organizational performance (Siddiqui, 2006). The managers use proportionality analys is for assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the organization based upon which new strategies can be evaluated. ... s financial performance, the financial ratios act as an indicator indicating the places where the company requires rectification for achieving competitive advantage. Moreover when the ratios are far above or under the industry standards then it indicate that the company needs to change its existing strategies for bringing their ratio set close to the industry average. There are mainly four types of ratios 1) Liquidity ratio 2) Profitability Ratio 3) Solvency Ratio 4) Efficiency ratio Liquidity Ratio The liquidity ratios help in finding out whether a company is able in repaying its wretched term debt in a proper manner. This ratio is very significant because if any company fails in meeting its short term liabilities then it may even lead to bankruptcy (Gallagher and Andrew, 2007 Hitchner and Mard, 2011). High liquidity ratios signify that the organization is per forming in an high-octane manner for meeting the short term liabilities. In the context of liquidity ratio, two ratios of Kingfisher Plc have been calculated. The showtime is the current ratio and the second is the quick ratio. Current Ratio Current Ratio is measured as Current Ratio = Current Assets/ Current liabilities Calculation of Current ratio As on 1.1.2012 As on 1.1.2013 Current assets 2989 3068 Current liabilities 3050 2870 Current Ratio 0.98 1.07 The current ratio will help in finding out whether Kingfisher Plc is performing in an appropriate manner in order to meet the short term liabilities or not (Kuppapally, 2008). The current ratio of the company has increased from the year 2012 to 2013. This implies that the inventory tax of the company has increased significantly. Kingfisher Plc is utilising the current assets in efficient manner for meeting the current liabilities. Quick Ratio Calculation of

Proposition 8 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proposition 8 - explore Paper Examplenull and void by the federal courts had created an amendment to the Californias constitution that said that wedlocks between a man and woman were legal and enforceable by law declaring al same sex marriages as unenforceable. Before its passing, the California states same-sex marriages were protected by right. Despite the affirmation by the Californias supreme courts in whitethorn 2008, the legislation went ahead and prepared the propose.The campaigns around the proposition 8w ere highly contested. The repercussion of the vote, an influential focus on Proposition 8 was sustained with demonstration around the state, country and litigation1. It has a focus on some(prenominal) aspects of the proposal and campaign funding. Three court cases seeking to nullify Proposition 8 were put up just after the election in November. In addition, the California Supreme Court proclaimed it would gestate the lawsuits. In May, 2009, the Supreme Court of Californi a upheld the amendment to the constitution2. Proposition 8 is uncomplicated and straightforward. It contained the identical 14 spoken language that were beforehand accepted in 2000 by approximately 61% of votes in California Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California.The sentiments in the proposition 8 were not first raised in the proposal, they had been earlier raised in the family 2000 where nearly 61 percent of the votes in California in the state. The vote was consequently overturned by a panel of four judges. Further activism sort to redeem the peoples choice through a constituent(a) amendment. The activism sort to restore the definition of marriage which was a union between a man and a woman. According to the creators of the proposition, it had an aim of protecting the institution of marriage, but was not an attack towards the gay fraternity. Notable is that the proposition has no intention of infringing on the benefits and rights bestowed on both gays and lesbians who are in domestic union or

Why Internet Privacy Matters to Consumer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Internet concealing Matters to Consumer - Essay ExampleAs Cronin points out there is billions of customer data existing on computers crossways the world today, including bank accounts, credit card accounts, mortgage discipline, retirement fund details, medical claims and much more, and the meshwork seamlessly links it all together (Cronin, 1).Search Engines are a great mine of information. Privacy concerns range from frequent search engines like Google and Yahoo which track IP addresses, time of search and search details. When search history, fitting details and email details are taken together, you can have a comprehensive ain profile of any user. Cronin in her essay contends that many users are not aware that their online behavior is so right away recorded and analyzed (Cronin, 2).Legal bodies in many countries have addressed the privacy issues, though this has not translated to rising legislation. For example, a body in Norway has stated that Googles retaining for inf ormation for 18-24 months is too long a duration. Cronin argues that unless there is round external pressure to place limits on how much information is collected, or how it is being used, it seems that data tap practice will be fine tuned and expanded (Cronin, 3).E-commerce sites command personal information including credit card information and purchase history.

Tort law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Tort law - Essay ExampleTherefore, certificate of indebtedness is an essential element in to establish negligence. The claimant must fix that the suspect had failed to carry out the minimum standard of care in performing his duty. It is also important to prove that the claim for damages had arisen out of that failure to perform such duty. In addition, it has to be proved that the defendant was duty bound to exercise care towards the claimant2.In order, to establish a duty of care, three requirements be possessed of to be fulfilled. First, some foreseeable damage should have been caused to the claimant. Second, there should be a closer birth between the claimant and the defendant that establishes a duty of care. Third, such relationship should be just and reasonable in imposing a duty on the defendant3.The doctrine of duty of care was first developed in Donoghue v Stevenson4. Since then this concept remained unchanged, until the 1970 case of Dorset Yacht v Home Office. In that c ase, it was held that a duty of care was present, if the damage was predictable5.In Donoghue v Stevenson, the plaintiffs friend ordered a peppiness beer. After she had consumed a portion of the drink, she noticed the remains of a rotten and decomposed snail in the beer. Donoghue discharge ill on account of having consumed the contaminated beer, and brought a suit against the defendant, who was the manufacturer of the ginger beer6.Their Lordships opined that the plaintiff had jural grounds for her claim under the existing law. This decision was a landmark decision and became a lawful principle in countries following common law. This decision constitutes the basis for the modern legal principles relating to product indebtedness of manufacturers. This principle has been established as tort of negligence in tort law, and applies to all civil wrongs and claims7.In Capro v Dickman an economic loss transpired, on account of the negligent statement made by the defendant.

Sunspots and Sun Storms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Sunspots and Sun Storms - Essay ExampleSunspots occur in groups and appear and disappear at certain(p) times. The sun could have hundreds of them sometimes and at other times only have a few. A sunspot potentiometer last between one and a hundred days. When they appear as a group, the sunspots can last approximately 50 days. Comp ard to the average surface temperature of the sun 6000 Celsius, the sunspots be about 1500 Celsius and can last from a few hours to a few months. In diameter, the sunspots can be as gigantic as 80,000 km and as they move across the suns surface, they expand and contract. They can be explained as regions on the sun with strong magnetic field strengths that appear often in pairs that are aligned in an east to west direction and are thousands of times stronger if compared to the magnetic field of Earth. This implies that the locomote magnetic tubes flux that breaks past the suns surface form the sunspots. In a dissembling of the initial condition shows tha t there is a horizontal uniform layer of the magnetic field, in a stably stratified fluid, that is subject to a small perturbation.One of the factors that cause sunspots is intense magnetic field such that sunspots occur in pairs and the magnetic field comes from one and enters into another one. The magnetic fields that are inside the sunspots are 1000 times stronger compared to those surrounding the undisturbed areas.The magnetic layer is unstable callable to its buoyant nature, so out of its layers, the magnetic flux can rise. The center of a sunspot, mainly the minatory spot is called the umbra the magnetic fields are highest in this area. The striated area around the umbra, which is less dark, is called the penumbra. As seen from earth, it takes the sunspots 27 days to make a complete rotation, since they rotate with the solar surface. Near the Suns, equator sunspots rotate at a faster rate than those near the solar poles.

Monism Philosophy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Monism Philosophy - Research written report ExampleIt follows the main formula which depends on the target and the unit. Monism is the opposing concept of pluralisms and nihilisms, because these concepts are focused on the importance of plurality in the nature of things (Scaffer Monism). The objective of the paper is to present a perspective on mercenary(a) monism, adept of the main types of the concept. Due to the numerous types of monism, one target surmise that any singular cigaret have one of his or her own but the pressing question is which one is the to the highest degree applicable to be used and to be prioritized. Materialistic monism is the feasible paradigm that privy justify the interrelation of entities in nature. Supporting Evidences of Monism There are different concepts in the historical and contemporary knowledge that can be used to support the connection between natural phenomena and materialistic monism. One of the main licenses in that of the biological r ealism specifically the manner by which the brain works. The human body is one of the examples of entity in nature. Monism explores the manner by which different entities exist as one. It can be translated that the different matters are placid of similar units. The human body as that of nature is composed of units that can be considered related to every other component of matters and entities in nature. ... In this scenario, it is needed to be pointed out that the process of the mind cannot be separated from that of the brain, thus, the functions of the organ can be perceived in the holistic sense (Fingelkurts, Fingelkurts & Neves 264-68). Another evidence in relation to monism is related to the blobject, which is a concept related to the oneness of the matters in the universe. It defines the concept of materialistic monism (Scaffer Monism). Materialistic monism had been defined as God and nature. It is the law of substance as presented by William James (Worthen, Ellis & Kinkead-We ekes 179). base on Spinozas work entitled Ethics Except God, no substance can be or be conceived which means that the entities in nature just transform through shake-up of components and not made. In addition, at a particular point, the components cannot be divided anymore but can only be defined as part of a whole (Bachli & Petrus 65). These concepts can be considered as the main evidences in the thesis of the interrelatedness of entities in nature, both living and non-living matters. According to the basic reckon in environmental science by Earnst Haeckel, he advocated the monism in nature which was defined as the unanimity in the mind and body. The main examples are the living matter and their basic components which if analyzed are as well as similar as that of the non-living things in the surroundings. Basically, the main point of the proposition regarding monism is the fact that every natural position can be attributed to and be supported by the principle of monism. Eve n the transfer of energy from one matter to another reflects the interrelatedness of entities

Systems that Transformed How the Organization Operates Essay Example for Free

Systems that change How the Organization Operates EssayAbstractThis paper details how UPS was able to stay relevant in the fare and distribution world by updating old practices with modern and proven technology. By surpassing several(prenominal) of their profits on a pertlyer and more efficient way of doing things, UPS was able to stay ahead of their contention while receiving great reviews and profits from their customers. Specifics of who was impacted, how they were impacted, and what results occurred have been discussed in this paper. Mainly the workers, the business leaders, and the consumers have been affected by this change. When we look back at certain advancements that companies have made, what seems to be the common factor? Technology. Anytime a fellowship rolls out new technology it is non because they want to waste their hard earned profits on something that might coif their business business more competitive or increase their profit margin. They spend the mo ney on the new technology because they know they will be more competitive and make higher profits than had they not. In any type of industry we can see examples of this being true, from the automotive, to the postal, and as yet the medical industry, the use of new technology has mostly lead to benefits that make companies stand out from the rest. genius of the companies that has profited the most from new technology or the advancement of technology is UPS. UPS is known in the world as one of the largest parcel and freight delivery companies. Their main competition comes from companies like FedEx, DHL, and USPS (United States Postal Service. Thebig wigs as UPS came together because they noticed customer ratings and efficiency rates were down and steadily decreasing year after(prenominal) year. After examining certain sectors of their business, they realized where the mistake was being made. Customer ratings were declining because of softwares that were shipped to the wrong address , delivered at the wrong house, or lost in the may lay at UPSs packaging warehouses and distribution centers all oer the world. The way the company decided to domesticate this problem was by purchasing and utilizing automated pack period sorters. They called it package flow technology and basically what it involves is the automatic and rapid sorting of packages to guarantee efficient and accurate shipments.The customs of relying on human sorters to memorize hundreds of streets and back roads in particular communities leads to a small parcel of land of parcels that either are loaded on the wrong truck or mis located among other customers packages, give tongue to Dan McMackin, a UPS spokesman in Atlanta. While the company still relies on hoi polloi to load customers packages, UPS is investing hard in technology to make the labor-intensive work more efficient. (Bennett, 2005) This change from slew to machine did not sit well with employees who became laid off or switched to a di fferent department, but after visual perception the company rebound it was recognized as being the right choice and solution to their problem. The problem UPS did not recognize sooner was humans make mistakes and unfortunately too many were made and the company was placed in the public spotlight which caused this solution to come about. While it is true that often times companies choose new technology or manual labor, the results heavily favor the new technology.Nobody wants people to be laid off or lose their jobs to a machine, but in this day and age companies have to spend the big dollars in order to remain relevant and successful in immediatelys economy. The cost for this technology for UPS was not cheap by any means, in fact the salary increase from manual labor to automated machines cost an estimated six hundred one million million dollars. (Bennett, 2005) Besides the expense for rolling out this new system to all its distribution warehouses, UPS has the potential to still come out on top of this deal. When they devoted themselves to this newer way of doing things the results were less training time for employees and the ability to shift employees into areas that were lacking force out or that demanded more personnel. The savings though in the year after this upgrade might notwithstanding be greater than the initial cost andput the company further ahead. UPS expects to gain immensely from the new system. Between now and 2007, when the system is fully installed, the delivery company expects to save $500 million to $600 million through a combination of less miles driven, less fuel consumption and less delivery miscues (Bennett, 2005)The people who were greatly affected by this change in procedure were the UPS drivers. Instead of going through their trucks smell for packages, the packages are loaded into specific areas of the truck and that information is transferred to the handheld scan tools the drivers use. The drivers seem impressed with the new technology and somewhat relieved that they can do their job no without the added stress of locating mislabeled or lost packages buried in their trucks. The future for this technology is not well known because it has seemed to rectify and solve all the problems that existed before. After all machines can do one thing that humans cannot, and that is do what it is programmed and instructed to do. The fact that a company is willing to spend this kind of money to hone their craft should chat volumes. At the beginning people were pessimistic but as the numbers started turning around and customer ratings increase, the company knew they made a wise choice. This was a turning point for UPS and the only thing they became refer about was why they did not make the switch earlier.ReferencesBennett, D. (2005). Package-flow technology delivers results for UPS. Crains Cleveland Business, 26(29), 8. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/198625167?accountid=458

Unlike Lady Capulet Essay Example for Free

conflicting dame Capulet EssayLady Capulet does plant genuine grief she actually does care about Juliet. Lady Capulet does non cope well with her portion she does not tender qualities of an adequate mother towards Juliet. She does not show friendship, love, magazine, or a have a friendship with Juliet. With these qualities she might have been able to help Juliet or even allow her to marry Romeo, but instead she mightinessd Juliet away and did not cope with her role of being a erect rear. A good parent would support their child whatever their closing as long as their child is happy and loved.Unlike Lady Capulet the control does not force Juliet away. She shows her feelings and emotions towards Juliet, she is more of a mother towards Juliet than Lady Capulet. Unlike Lady Capulet she shows that she cares for Juliet.Thou wast the prettiest babe that eer I nursed.The take hold cares for Juliet and loves her. She view her more than Lord and Lady Capulet by calling her wo man. She realises that Juliet is growing up and that she of necessity cost increase to do so.She gives her independence that Juliet requires. The go for treats Juliet like her own daughter and wants what is vanquish for her, this is why she gives her independence and respect, as this is what she requires. However she does also give her restrictions, as she is not a woman yet. The Nurse realises and understands that Juliet is still not yet a woman and gives her guidance to give her a decent upbringing. The Nurse shows the qualities of an adequate parent throughout the play. She shows the audience that she constantly thinks of Juliet and loves her a lot. She shows he love towards Juliet because she has looked after Juliet throughout her whole life. The Nurse shows her love for Juliet through her actions as well.Then hie you hence to mendicant Lawrences cell.There stays a husband to make you a wife.The Nurse tells Juliet that she can marry Romeo. The Nurse knows by letting this ca sh in ones chips she has put her blood line on the line as the Montagues and the Capulets are rivals. She loves Juliet that much that she has put Juliet before her job she loves Juliet and is al around like a mother. This shows the loyalty she carries for Juliet, like any good parent she supports Juliet whatever the matter. A good parent is always loyal to their child whatever the situation. Her loyalty is also with the Capulets aswell.O Tybalt best fried I had O courteous Tybalt, honest gentleman,that I should live to see the deadThe Nurse has been with the Capulet family for fourteen years she has grown to love them even with their faults. With love there always come respect. She respects Juliet with respect comes loyalty. It is the same loyalty that she has for the Capulet family that makes her betray Juliet. The Nurse after helping Juliet to marry Romeo, tells her to marry Paris.I think it is best you marry with the County.O hes a lovely gentleman.Here is where the Nurse and La dy Capulet parcel of land the same feelings both of them want the best for Juliet and the Nurse sees this as an easy option out as Romeo is banished and Paris is here with security for the future. She wants her to forget about Romeo. After all the hurt it has caused she thinks it is easier to marry Paris. Juliet feels single out that the Nurse has betrayed her. The Nurse, she does not understand what Juliet feels when she tells Juliet to marry Paris the Nurse is her confidante, she is Juliets last hope after her nonplus demands she marries Paris. The Nurse does not take into consideration of Juliets viewpoint. Due to the inconsiderate opinion by the Nurse it leaves Juliet disoblige and rejects the Nurse even though she does not want to.The Nurse has been a good parent throughout the play except for when she betrayed Juliet at the end of the play. Lord and Lady Capulet did not provide the qualities of a good parent so she went to go and seek these good qualities from the Nurse. The Nurse provided Juliet with a maternal friendship, gave constant affection, advice, time and was a good confidante. However she betrayed Juliet, leaving Juliet isolated.Romeo also needs to find another means of acquire adequate parenting he goes to Friar Lawrence for help. Friar Lawrence is a wise man, he is a suitable grow figure for Romeo to look up to unlike the Montagues he is respected by all and is a well-educated advisor. Friar Lawrence provides the care that is needed from a good parent.Thats my good son, but where hast thou been then?Friar Lawrence is concerned about Romeo here he is showing care for Romeo as a father would. on the whole good parents show concern for their children. The concern shown by Friar Lawrence creates a friendship between them and it is a fatherly one. There is a good relationship between Friar Lawrence and Romeo because Friar Lawrence has spent most of his life with him, and knows everything he should about Romeo, whenever Romeo needs help h e can go to Friar Lawrence because Romeo is not as close to Lord Montague than he is to Friar Lawrence so Romeo finds it easier to talk to Friar Lawrence when he needs help. Romeo and Friar Lawrence have develop trust in their relationship that is one reason why he finds it easier to go to Friar Lawrence rather than Lord Montague. To trust someone you must always care for him or her. With care coming from a parental figure the will always do what is right. Friar Lawrence does this. taking thy part, hath rushd aside the law.And turned that black word death to banishment.This is dear mercy, and thou seest it not.Friar Lawrence does what is right, he reprimands Romeo for thinking that death is better than banishment. He then also nurtures him. A good parent would show affection and love after telling off their child so that the child would be able to fancy from their mistakes. He understands what Romeo is going through and puts himself in Romeos place and guides Romeo to what he shoul d do. This portrays the Friar as an understanding parent, something that a parent should have to cope with their role. Due to Friar Lawrence understanding Romeos situation he is able to provide advice.

Agroforestry Research Essay Example for Free

Agroforestry question EssayAgroforestry is an integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining corners and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines unsophisticated and forestry technologies to create to a greater extent than diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems.1 A narrow definition of agroforestry is heads on farms.As a scienceThe theoretical dwelling house for agroforestry comes from ecology, via agroecology.3 From this perspective, agroforestry is one of the three principal land-use sciences. The other two be agriculture and forestry.4 The efficiency of photosynthesis drops off with increase light intensity, and the rate of photosynthesis hardly increases once the light intensity is over about one 10th that of direct overhead sun. This means that plants under trees preserve still grow well even though they get less light. By having to a greater extent than one direct of flora, it is possible to get more photosynthesis than with a star layer. Agroforestry has a lot in common with intercropping. Both have two or more plant species (such as nitrogen-fixing plants) in close interaction, both go away multiple sidings, as a consequence, high overall yields and, because a single application or input is sh atomic number 18d, costs are trim. Beyond these, there are gains specific to agroforestry.BenefitsFurther information EcoscapingAgroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest production methods. They can offer increased productivity, economic benefits, and more diversity in the ecologic goods and services plyd.5 Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically higher than in conventional agricultural systems. With two or more interacting plant species in a given land theatre, it creates a more complex habitat that can support a wider variety of birds, insects, and other animals. Depending upon the application, potential impacts of agrofo restry can include Reducing poverty through increased production of wood and other tree products for home consumption and sale Contributing to diet security by restoring the shite fertility for food crops Cleaner water through reduced alimentary and soil runoffCountering global warming and the risk of hunger by increasing the topic of drought-resistant trees and the later(prenominal) production of fruits, nuts and edible oils Reducing deforestation and pressure on woodlands by providing farm-grown fuelwood Reducing or eliminating the need for toxic chemicals (insecticides, herbicides, etc.) Through more diverse farm outputs, improved human nutrition In situations where people have limited access to mainstream medicines, providing development place for medicinal plants Agroforestry practices may also watch a number of other associated environmental goals, such asCarbon sequestrationOdour, dust, and noise step-downGreen space and visual aestheticsEnhancement or maintenance o f wildlife habitatAdaptation to humour Change in that location is some evidence that, especially in recent eld, poor smallholder farmers are turn of events to agroforestry as a mean to adapt to the impacts of climate change. A study from the CGIAR research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) found from a survey of over 700 households in due east Africa that at least 50% of those households had begun pose trees on their farms in a change from their practices 10 years ago.6 The trees ameliorate the effects of climate change by helping to stabilize erosion, improving water and soil quality and providing yields of fruit, tea, coffee, oil, fodder and medicinal products in appendage to their usual harvest. Agroforestry was one of the most astray adopt adaptation strategies in the study, along with the use of improved crop varieties and intercropping.6ApplicationsAgroforestry represents a wide diversity in application and in practice. One listing includ es over 40 distinct uses.3 The 40 or so applications can be roughly classified under a few broad headings. There are visual sameities between practices in different categories. This is expected as categorization is based around the problems turn to (countering enfolds, high rainfall, harmful insects, etc.) and the overall economic constraints and objectives (labor and other inputs costs, yield requirements, etc.). The categories include ParklandsShade systemsCrop-over-tree systemsAlley cropping denude croppingFauna-based systemsBoundary systemsTaungyasPhysical support systemsAgroforests.ParklandParklands are visually defined by the presence of trees widely scattered over a large agricultural plot or pasture. The trees are usually of a single species with clear regional favorites. Among the benefits, the trees offer shade to shave animals, protect crops against strong wind bursts, provide tree prunings for firewood, and are a roost for insect or rodent-eating birds. There are oth er gains. query with Faidherbia albida in Zambia showed that mature trees can sustain maize yields of 4.1 tonnes per hectare compared to 1.3 tonnes per hectare without these trees. Unlike other trees, Faidherbia sheds its nitrogen-rich leaves during the rainy crop growing season so it does not compete with the crop for light, nutrients and water. The leaves then regrow during the dry season and provide land cover and shade for crops.7Shade systemsWith shade applications, crops are intendly raised under tree canopies and within the resulting shady environment. For most uses, the understory crops are shade tolerant or the overstory trees have fairly open(a) canopies. A conspicuous example is shade-grown coffee. This practice reduces weeding costs and increases the quality and taste of the coffee.89Crop-over-tree systemsNot commonly encountered, crop-over-tree systems put on woody perennials in the role of a cover crop. For this, small shrubs or trees pruned to near ground level ar e utilized. The purpose, as with any cover crop, is to increase in-soil nutrients and/or to reduce soil erosion.Alley croppingWith back street cropping, crop strips alternate with rows of closely spaced tree or hedge species. Normally, the trees are pruned before planting the crop. The cut leafy material is spread over the crop area to provide nutrients for the crop. In addition to nutrients, the hedges serve as windbreaks and eliminate soil erosion. Alley cropping has been shown to be advantagous in Africa, particularly in relation to improving maize yields in the sub-Saharan region. Use here relies upon the nitrogen fixing tree species Sesbania sesban, genus Tephrosia vogelii, Gliricidia sepium and Faidherbia albida. In one example, a ten-year experiment in Malawi showed that, by using fertilizer trees such as Tephrosia vogelii and Gliricidia sepium, maize yields averaged 3.7 tonnes per hectare as compared to one tonne per hectare in plots without fertilizer trees or mineral fer tilizer.10 slipperiness croppingStrip cropping is similar to street cropping in that trees alternate with crops. The difference is that, with alley cropping, the trees are in single row. With strip cropping, the trees or shrubs are planted in wide strip. The purpose can be, as with alley cropping, to provide nutrients, in leaf form, to the crop. With strip cropping, the trees can have a purely productive role, providing fruits, nuts, etc. while, at the same time, protecting nearby crops from soil erosion and harmful winds.Fauna-based systemsSilvopasture over the years (Australia).There are situations where trees benefit fauna. The most common examples are the silvopasture where cattle, goats, or sheep browse on grasses grown under trees.11 In hot climates, the animals are less stressed and put on weight faster when grazing in a cooler, shaded environment. Other variations have these animals directly eating the leaves of trees or shrubs. There are similar systems for other types of fauna. Deer and hogs gain when aliveness and feeding in a forest ecosystem, especially when the tree forage suits their dietary needs. Another variation, aquaforestry, is where trees shade fish ponds. In many cases, the fish eat the leaves or fruit from the trees.Boundary systemsA riparian buffer bordering a river in Iowa.The are a number of applications that fall under the heading of a boundary system. These include the living fences, the riparian buffer, and windbreaks. A living fence can be a thick hedge or fencing wire arrange on living trees. In addition to restricting the movement of people and animals, living fences offer habitat to insect-eating birds and, in the case of a boundary hedge, slow soil erosion. Riparian buffers are strips of permanent vegetation located along or near active watercourses or in ditches where water runoff concentrates. The purpose is to keep nutrients and soil from contaminating surface water. Windbreaks reduce the velocity of the winds over and around crops. This increases yields through reduced drying of the crop and/or by preventing the crop from toppling in strong wind gusts.TaungyasTaungya is a system originating in Burma. In the initial stages of an orchard or tree plantation, the trees are small and widely spaced. The free space between the newly planted trees can accommodate a seasonal crop. Instead of costly weeding, the underutilized area provides an additional output and income. More complex taungyas use the between-tree space for a series of crops. The crops become more shade resistant as the tree canopies grow and the amount of sunlight reaching the ground declines. If a plantation is thinned in the latter stages, this opens further the between-tree cropping opportunities.Physical support systemsIn the long news report of agriculture, trellises are comparatively recent. Before this, grapes and other vine crops were raised atop pruned trees. Variations of the physical support theme account upon the type of vin e. The advantages come through greater in-field biodiversity. In many cases, the control of weeds, diseases, and insect pests are a primary motive.AgroforestsThese are widely found in the humid tropics and are referenced by different names (forest gardening, forest farming, tropical home gardens and, where short-statured trees or shrubs dominate, shrub gardens). Agroforests, in many ways, epitomize agroforestry. Through a complex, disarrayed mix of trees, shrubs, vines, and seasonal crops, these systems, through their high levels of biodiversity, achieve the ecological kinetics of a forest ecosystem. Because of the internal ecology, they tend to be less susceptible to harmful insects, plant diseases, drought, and wind damage. Although they can be high yielding, complex systems tend to produce a large number of outputs. These are not utilized when a large volume of a single crop or output is required.

Formative Assessment Essay Example for Free

Formative sagacity EssayChapter IV A Fundamental Duties termination 51A Fundamental Duties It shall be the duty of every(prenominal) citizen of India(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National rowlock and the National Anthem (b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom (c) to have-to doe with and protect the sovereignty, building blocky and integrity of India (d) to defend the wagerry and render national service when cal take upon to do so (e)To promote harmony and the spirit of common br separatehood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite finish (g)To protect and correct the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wild life and to have compassion for living creatures (h) to flummox the s cientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform (i) (j) to safeguard public property and to abjure strength to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation everlastingly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement. CONTENTS Page No.Acknowledgments Pre see unceasing and Comprehensive Evaluation domesticate Based round-the-clock Comprehensive Evaluation Continuous Comprehensive discernment and Evaluation in e- type- slope/Hindi judgment Rubrics e-Typewriting Syllabus and Scheme of Examination for Class IX TERM-I Unit 1 presentation to e-Typewriting Unit 2 Key carte Lay pop out (QWERTY INSCRIPT) Unit 3 Touch Typewriting 10 16 21 XL XLI 1 (I) (II) (IX) TERM-II Unit 4 Introduction to Word Processing 29 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.ADVISORY dust Shri Vineet Joshi, Chairman CBSE. Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Head Innovations Research, CBSE. EDITING COMMITTEE Prof. Om Vikas, Retd. Prof. from DIT, Government of India. MATERIAL PRODUCTION GROUP Mr. Yogesh Kumar HOD, Computer Science. Meera fashion model take, Delhi. Dr. D. P. Bhatia, Mata Sundri College,University of Delhi. Ms. Gayatri Subramanian, Consultant, Ministry of Corporate Affairs , Govt of India. Mrs. Sunita Chug, Senior Lecturer, Mira Bai Polytechnic, Maharani Bagh, New Delhi. Mrs. Nancy Sehgal, Mata Jai Kaur School, Delhi. CO-ORDINATION Mrs. Sugandh Sharma, Education Officer (Commerce) CBSE.PREFACE Typewriters were breaked to deck out documents with uniform letter prints, to overcome illegibility of hand written material and produce documents faster. Initially typewriters were mechanical, then galvanising and electronic typewriters came into being. Over a detail, QWERTY keyboard layout was in use and it became the defacto streamer for Roman Typewriting. Computers also use keyboard as an input device. Keyboard layout has special(prenominal)ised letter on key allocation on the basis of frequency and count of letter s over a fairly large sample of documents. High frequency letters atomic number 18 on middle/home row, distri scarceed on both sides. For Indic scripts, Standard keyboard Layout is INSCRIPT. Mechanical typewriters ar now turn fast extinct.Computer empowers the user to input development with accuracy, speed and additional features of Word assisting. The syllabus of Typewriting is hereby revised as e-Typewriting with an additional unit on Word serveing in come across of the growing use of computers for typewriting documents. Self legal opinion and keeping record of progress in designation files are encouraged so as to keep students motivated towards excellence. Profuse thanks are receiv suitable to Prof. Om Vikas for steering the experts members Mr. Yogesh Kumar, Ms. Nancy Sehgal, Ms. Sunita Chugh, Dr. D. P. Bhatia and Ms. Gayatri Subramaniam for contri merelying towards growing of the syllabus on -e-Typewriting and also the Formative Assessment Manual for instructors. I a lso thank Ms.Sugandh Sharma, Education Officer for coordinating the meetings and bringing out the manual in this shape. It is respect that the students will enjoy this agate line even as an additional subject in view of the benefits of touch-typing skills in coming(prenominal) alloter. We would welcome suggestions to improve upon content estimation methodology in tune with the objectives of CCE. (Vineet Joshi) Chairman, CBSE I Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation Education aims at making infantren capable of becoming responsible, amentiferous and useful members of a participation. Knowledge, skills and attitudes are strengthened through instruction experiences and opportunities created for students in school.It is in the discriminateroom that learners can analyse and evaluate their experiences, learn to doubt, to question, to investigate and to think independently. The aim of education simultaneously reflects the current call for and aspirations of a society as well as its lasting value and human ideals. At any stipulation while and patch they can be called the contemporary and contextual articulations of broad and lasting human aspirations and values. An understanding of learners, educational aims, the nature of intimacy, and the nature of the school as a amicable seat can table service us arrive at principles to guide classroom practices. Conceptual development is thus a unvarying process of deepening and enriching connections and acquiring reinvigorated layers of meaning.Alongside is the development of theories that churlren have round the natural and social worlds, including themselves in relation to others, which provide them with explanations for why things are the track they are and the relationship between cause and effect. Attitudes, emotions and values are thus an implicit in(p) part of cognitive development, and are linked to the development of language, mental representations, concepts and reasoning. As babyrens metac ognitive capabilities develop, they become much than aware of their throw beliefs and capable of regulating their own discipline. Characteristics of erudition All lchildren are naturally motivated to learn and are capable of learning.Understanding l Children l and developing the cleverness for abstract view, reflection and bring in are the most important facets of learning. learn in a mix of ways-through experience, making and doing things, experimentation, reading, discussion, asking, listening, thinking and reflecting, and expressing themselves in speech or writing-both individually and with others. They require opportunities of all these kinds in the course of their development. almostthing before the child is cognitively ready pursues away real learning. Children may remember many facts but they may not understand them or be able to relate them to the world around them. takes channelise both within school and outside school. reading is enriched if the two arenas in teract with each other. Art and piece of work provide opportunities for holistic learning that is rich in tacit and aesthetic comp cardinalnts. Such experiences are fundamentally to be learnt through direct experience and integrated into life. Teaching l Learning l II Learning l must be paced so that it allows learners to engage with concepts and deepen understanding rather than call back only to forget after examinations. At the same time learning must provide compartmentalisation and challenge, and be interesting and engaging. Boredom is a sign that the task may have become mechanically repetitive for the child and of little cognitive value.can take pip with or without mediation. In the grounds of the latter, the social context and interactions, especially with those who are capable, provide avenues for learners to work at cognitive levels above their own. Learning l Place of Evaluation in the Curriculum A curriculum is what constitutes a total dogma-learning class composed of overall aims, syllabus, materials, methods and appraisal. In short it provides a framework of knowledge and capabilities, seen as appropriate to a particular level. Evaluation not only nibs the progress and achievement of the learners but also the hard-hittingness of the commandment materials and methods utilise for transaction.Hence rating should be viewed as a component of curriculum with the twin role of effective delivery and further advancement in the precept learning process. If properly understood, evaluation or assessment will not be perceived as something administered by the instructors and taken by the learners on the conclusion of a period of learning. When evaluation is seen as an end of the learning exercise, both the instructors and the learners will race to keep it outside the teaching-learning process, rendering assessment broadly irrelevant and alien to the curriculum. Further such a perception associates anxiety and stress with evaluation for learners. On the contrary, if evaluation is seen as an integral part built into the teaching learning process it will become continuous like both teaching and learning. When evaluation is subsumed into teaching-learning, learners will not perceive tests and examinations with fear. It will lead to diagnosis, remediation and intensifyment of learning. The scope of evaluation in schools extends to almost all the areas of learners personality development. It should include both scholastic and co-scholastic areas, i. e. it should be comprehensive in nature. This is in line with the goals of education. Evaluation is continuous and reveals the strengths and weaknesses of learners more frequently, so that the learners have transgress opportunity to understand and improve themselves.It also provides feedback to the teachers for transfering their teaching strategies. In view of getting a complete picture of the childs learning, assessment should commission on the learners ability to learn and l ac quire a l acquire desired skills relate to contrastive subject areas. level of achievement in contrastive subject areas in the requisite measure develop childs individual skills, interests, attitudes and motivation l understand and lead a healthy and a productive life. l monitor the changes taking place in a childs learning, behaviour and progress over time.l III l respond to different situations and opportunities both in and out of school.apply what is well-read in a variety of l work l independently, collaboratively analyze and evaluate. l environments, circumstances and situations and harmoniously. be laware of social and environmental issues participate in social and environmental projects and causes. l retain what is learned over a period of time. l Thus assessment is a useful, desirable and an enabling process.To realize this one needs to keep the following parameters in mind The need to assess the learner. l use l a variety of ways to collect randomness active the learn ers learning and progress in subjects and cross curricular boundaries. collect breeding continuously and record the same.l give l importance to each learners way of responding and learning and the time it takes to do so. brood on an ongoing continuous basis and be natural to every learners responses. l provide feedback that will lead to positive action and attend to the learner to do better l In the assessment process, one should be careful NOT to l tick learners as slow, poor, intelligent etc. make comparisons between them. l make negative statements. l Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) refers to a system of school-based evaluation of students that covers all aspects of a students development. It is a developmental process of a child which emphasizes on two fold objectives.These objectives are perseverance in evaluation on one hand and assessment of broad based learning and behaviourial outcomes on the other. The term contin uous is meant to idiome that evaluation of identified aspects of students growth and development is a continuous process rather than an event, built into the total IV teaching-learning process and spread over the entire span of donnish session. It means regularity of assessment, diagnosis of learning gaps, use of corrective measures and feedback of evidence to teachers and students for their self evaluation. The second term comprehensive means that the scheme attempts to cover both the scholastic and the co-scholastic aspects of students growth and development.Since abilities, attitudes and aptitudes can manifest themselves in forms other than the written word, the term refers to application of a variety of tools and techniques (both testing and non-testing) and aims at assessing a learners development in areas of learning like Knowledge l Understanding/Comprehension l Application l epitome l l Evaluation l Creativity Objectives of CCE are l To help develop cognitive, psychomoto r and affective skills. l To lay emphasis on thought process and de-emphasise committal to memory l To make evaluation an integral part of teaching-learning process l use To evaluation for improvement of students achievement and teaching learning strategies on the basis of regular diagnosis followed by remedial statement l.To use evaluation as a quality control device to maintain desired standard of carrying into action l determine Tosocial utility, desirability or effectiveness of a programme and take appropriate decisions about the learner, the process of learning and the learning environment l To make the process of teaching and learning a learner-centered activity. Features of CCE are l The continuous aspect of CCE takes care of continual and periodicity aspect of evaluation.Means assessment of students in the beginning of instruction (placement evaluation) and assessment during the instructional process (formative evaluation) through with(p) colloquially apply multiple te chniques of evaluation. means assessment of performance done frequently at the end of unit/term (summative) l Continual l Periodicity V l Thecomprehensive component of CCE takes care of assessment of all round development of the childs personality.It includes assessment in Scholastic as well as Co-Scholastic aspects of the pupils growth. aspects include curricular areas or subject specific areas, whereas co-scholastic aspects include Life Skills, Co-Curricular Activities, Attitudes, and Values. in scholastic areas is done in conventionally and positively using multiple techniques of evaluation continually and sporadically. The diagnostic evaluation takes place at the end of a unit/term test. The causes of poor performance in some units are diagnosed using diagnostic tests. These are followed up with appropriate interventions followed by retesting.in Co-Scholastic areas is done using multiple techniques on the basis of identified criteria, while assessment in Life Skills is done o n the basis of Indicators of Assessment and checklists. Source Examination Reforms, NCERT Scholastic l Assessment l Assessment l The leans of CCE are l It helps the teacher to organize effective teaching strategies. Continuous l evaluation helps in regular assessment to the close and degree of learners progress (ability and achievement with reference to specific scholastic and co-scholastic areas). evaluation serves to diagnose weaknesses and permits the teacher to as original an individual learners strengths and weaknesses and her needs.It provides immediate feedback to the teacher, who can thendecide whether a particular unit or concept needs re-teaching in the whole class or whether a few individuals are in need of remedial instruction. evaluation, children can know their strengths and weaknesses. It provides the child a realistic self assessment of how he/she studies. It can motivate children to develop good study habits, to correct errors, and to direct their activities towa rds the achievement of desired goals.It helps a learner to determine the areas of instruction in which more emphasis is required. and comprehensive evaluation identifies areas of aptitude and interest. It helps in identifying changes in attitudes, and value systems. in making decisions for the future, regarding choice of subjects, courses and careers. Continuous l By lcontinuousContinuous l It helps l It provides l selective information/reports on the progress of students in scholastic and co-scholastic areas and thus helps in predicting the future successes of the learner. VI Continuous evaluation helps in bringing awareness of the achievement to the child, teachers and parents from time to time.They can hang into the probable cause of the fall in achievement if any, and may take remedial measures of instruction in which more emphasis is required. Many times, because of some personal reasons, family problems or adjustment problems, the children start neglecting their studies, res ulting in a abrupt drop in their achievement.If the teacher, child and parents do not come to know about this sudden drop in the achievement and the neglect in studies by the child continues for a longer period then it will result in poor achievement and a permanent deficiency in learning for the child. The major emphasis of CCE is on the continuous growth of students ensuring their intellectual, emotional, physical, cultural and social development and therefore will not be merely limited to assessment of learners scholastic attainments. It uses assessment as a means of motivating learners in further programmes to provide information for arranging feedback and follow up work to improve upon the learning in the classroom and to present a comprehensive picture of a learners profile.It is this that has led to the emergence of the concept of School Based Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation. Source Ncert VII Scholastic and Co-scholastic Assessment In order to have Continuous and C omprehensive evaluation, both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects need to be given due recognition. Such a holistic assessment requires maintaining an ongoing, changing and comprehensive profile for each learner that is honest, encouraging and discreet. While teachers daily reflect, plan and implement remedial strategies, the childs ability to retain and articulate what has been learned over a period of time also requires periodic assessment. These assessments can take many forms but all of them should be as comprehensive and discreet as possible.Weekly, fortnightly, or quarterly reviews (depending on the learning area), that do not openly compare one learner with another and are positive and creative experiences are generally recommended to promote and enhance not just learning and retention among children but their docile skills as well. VIII School Based Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation There has been a accordant move towards reducing the load on the student by making pub lic or board examination stress free. Over the decade there has been a high pitched race towards more marks and thus more competitiveness among students and schools. The move of the CBSE to replace marks with grades is a step in the right direction.The paradigm shift is to empower schools by creating a workable school based continuous and comprehensive scheme. School Based Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation system should be established to abbreviate stress on children l make evaluation comprehensive and regular l provide space for the teacher for creative teaching l provide a tool of diagnosis and remediation l produce learners with greater skills l Position Paper on Aims of Education NCF 2005.NCERT Aims of School Based CCE l Elimination of chance element and subjectivity (as far as possible), de-emphasis of memorization, encouraging Comprehensive evaluation incorporating both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects of learners development.evaluation spread over the total span o f the instructional time as an integral built-in aspect of the total teaching-learning process.And meaning(prenominal) declaration of results for effective use by teachers, students, parents and the society. uses of test results for purposes not merely of the assessment of levels of pupils achievements and proficiencies, but mainly for its improvement, through diagnosis and remedial/enrichment programmes. in the mechanics of conducting examinations for realizing a number of other allied purposes Continuous l Functional l Wider l Improvement l Introduction of concomitant changes in instructional materials and methodology.l Introduction of the semester system from the secondary stage onwards. l The l use of grades in place of marks in determining and declaring the level of pupil performance and proficiency. The above goals are relevant for both external examination and evaluation in schools IX Characteristics of School Based Evaluation l Broader, more comprehensive and continuous th an traditional system. l primarily to help learners for systematic learning and development. Aims l Takes care of the needs of the learner as responsible citizens of the future. l Is more transparent, futuristic and provides more scope for association among learners , teachers and parents.School based evaluation provides opportunities to teachers to know the following about their learners What they learn l How l they learn l What type of difficulties / limitations they face in realising learning objectives together l What the children think l What the children feel l What their interests and dispositions are. The focus has shifted to developing a deep learning environment.There is a paradigm shift in the pedagogy and competencies of controlling to enriching to empowering schools. Traditional Schooling l Teacher meatd l Subjects and classes l Sorting and ranking Enriching Schooling Student centred l l enjoin Self l Continuous assessment Empowering Schooling Experience centred l l Virtual authenticity l Multi literacies individuals Competency l Memory l Competitive Competency l Critical thinking l Collaborative l Creative Competencyl taking Risk l good l Interactive There are four Assessment Paradigms Assessment of Learning Most commonly, assessment is defined as a process whereby someone attempts to describe and quantify the knowledge, attitudes or skills possessed by another. Teacher directedness is paramount and the student has little involvement in the design or implement of the assessment process in these circumstances X Summative l Teacher designs learning l l Teacher collects evidence l Teacher judges what has been learnt (and what has not) Assessment for Learning The assessment for learning involves change magnitude levels of student autonomy, but not without teacher guidance and collaboration.The assessment for learning is sometimes seen as being akin to formative assessment and can be seen as informing teaching. There is more emphasis towards giv ing of useful advice to the student and less emphasis on the giving of marks and the grading function Teacher designs learning l Teacher designs assessment with feedback to student l Teacher assesses what has been learnt (student develops insight into what has not) l Assessment as Learning Assessment as learning is perhaps more connected with diagnostic assessment and can be constructed with more of an emphasis on informing learning. Assessment as learning generates opportunities for self assessment and for comrade assessment.Students take on increased responsibility to generate quality information about their learning and that of others Teacher and student co-construct learning l Teacher and student co-construct assessment l Teacher and student co-construct learning progress map l Assessment for learning and assessment as learning activities should be deeply embedded in teaching and learning and be the source of iterative aspect feedback, allowing students to adjust, rethink an d re-learn. Assessment in Learning The assessment in learning places the question at the centre of teaching and learning. It deflects the teaching from its focus on a correct answer to focus on a fertile question.Through the inquiry, students engage in processes that generate feedback about their learning, which come from multiple sources, and activities. It contributes to the locution of other learning activities, lines of enquiry and the generation of other questions Student at the centre of learning l Student monitors, assesses and reflects on learning l Student initiates demonstration of learning (to self and others) l Teacher as coach and mentor l XI Teachers and students need to understand the purpose of each assessment strategy so that the overall assessment package being used by learners and teachers accurately captures, generates and uses meaningful learning information to generate deep learning and understanding.Purpose of Assessment To las veritable what learning, chang e and progress takes place in the child over a period of time in different subjects of study and other aspects of the childs personality. To find out the needs and learning style of every learner. l To ldevise styles. To improve the teaching-learning materials by adding value. l To help l every learner find out their interests, aptitudes, strengths and weaknesses so that the learner can create mentally effective learning strategies. a teaching-learning plan that is responsive to the individual needs and learning To measure the extent to which curricular objectives have been realized. l To enhance the effectiveness of the teaching-learning process. l To l record the progress of every learner and communicate it to parents and other stakeholders.a dialogue between the teacher and the student and also the parents as a collaborative endeavor for overall improvement of the system. To lmaintain To involve the learners in the process through peer and self assessment. l Different stages in Assessment Examination is not assessment it is only one of the tools of assessment. As we have seen above, assessment is an integral part of the teaching-learning process and and so cannot be seen as the final exam stage in isolation. The overall aim of assessment is to gather information to improve the teaching-learning process. So it has certain distinct stages. Stage 1 Gathering information about and evidence of the extent of effectiveness of teaching and learning We gather information in a variety of ways, using a number of tools.Observation, communion and discussion, assignments, projects, different types of tests etc are some of the methods and tools we use for collecting information. Stage 2 Recording of Information The information gathered has to be systematically recorded because it constitutes not only rich inputs that have to be used for improving teaching and learning but also evidence to attendant the conclusion we come to about the progress made by the students. I n order to make the recording effective, we must use different recording devices such as learner profile, XII ancecdotal records, case studies, report books etc. It is essential that the information is recorded in both quantitative and qualitative terms along with well thought out and objective observations by the teacher.It is also necessary to keep samples of students work as evidence to support the report of the teacher. The most important aspect of good recording and reporting is that it shows the progress of the learner in different domains over a period of time. Stage 3 Analysing and Reporting the Information Collected The recorded information constitutes valuable feedback that the teacher, the student and the parents should use to enhance the learning process. To do this, the gathered information has to be analysed periodically so that the teacher can draw conclusions about how a child is learning and progressing. Such outline and the grading that is done is actually a mapp ing of the progress of students in a learning environment.Analysis and review also leads to unambiguous statements about the strengths of every child and the aspects requiring further improvement. The report has to be communicated to the learners and their parents so that they are able to collaborate with the teacher to take the necessary steps for improving learning. It is essential that the child is encouraged to compete with self rather than with others. One of the key components of engaging students in the assessment of their own learning is providing them with descriptive feedback as they learn. Research shows descriptive feedback to be the most effective instructional strategy to move students forward in their learning.Descriptive feedback provides students with an understanding of what they are doing well, links to classroom learning and specific input on how to reach the next step. Stage 4 Using the Information for Improvement Assessment should result in improvement. Though the student, the teacher and the parents are all stakeholders in this paradigm, it is the teacher who has to take the possibility to use the analysis of information on each learner to enhance learning. This calls for reflective practices. Some questions that the teacher could ask himself/ herself are 1. Are all the learners involved in the activities of the class? 2. Are there learners who face problems in coping with the pace and flow of the teaching learning process? 3. What are their problems and how should I help them? 4.Is there something in my teaching strategy that has to be modified to make the class learn better? How should I go about it? 5. Are there some learners who are not challenged by the materials and methods and hence lose motivation quickly? How should I respond to their special needs? 6. Are there some lessons/ chapters/ units that pose difficulties to many learners? How should I add value to these portions of the syllabus? 7. Have I identified certain common er rors, mistakes and instances of lack of conceptual clarity from the information collected and analysed? How should I go about an effective programme of remediation? XIII 8. Is my classroom time management effective?What are the changes that I could hold in to make it more learner and learning oriented? 9. Am I getting adequate support from the school management, my colleagues, the parents and the community? How can I involve all the stakeholders more actively in what I am doing for the benefit of my learners? 10. What are my own needs of sea captain development? How can I commit them in a continuous manner? Such reflective questions will help the teacher modify and refine the programme of teaching to achieve the learning objectives as well as to enhance his/ her professional competence continuously. By now it is well established that learning is a continuous process and it involves informal, formal and non-formal modes.It is also widely acknowledged that children learn by constru cting their knowledge and it makes learning a process that takes place within the children rather than without. In this paradigm of constructivism, the teacher ought to recognize the importance of different stages of learning i. e. , the initial stage where the lively knowledge of the learner is seen as the entry level, the second stage where new knowledge is understood and accommodated with the existing knowledge and the third stage where the constructed knowledge as a whole is tried by the learner by applying it to real life situations for making sense of the world and the self and for drafting conclusions, problem solving, decision making etc.What constitutes knowledge at the third stage automatically becomes the learners existing knowledge for further learning and thus it is a cyclical process. The main purpose of assessment is to enhance the effectiveness of the learning process and hence it has to be integrated appropriately with every stage of learning. Since learning is c ontinuous, assessment also must be continuous. Otherwise the learner will not be able to know whether she/ he is proceeding along the right lines, what is the stage at which he experiences difficulties, what are the new inputs and strategies that are required to successfully continue the process of construction of knowledge and what is the help that is expected from the teacher. withal the teacher also has to know at what stage of learning each learner is at a particular point of time, what are the changes that are to be made to the teaching strategies to make every child learn effectively and what further help can be provided. For instance, when a child in class I comes to school, it is probable that the child has not had any formal schooling earlier. It does not mean that the child has no prior knowledge because learning, as has been pointed out earlier, can be through informal and non formal modes too. So the teachers duty is to identify the prior knowledge of the child while dea ling with a particular concept or skill.

Guns Germs and Steel Essay Example for Free

Guns Germs and Steel EssayYali asked the question of wherefore is it that you white mess developed so much warhead and brought it to wise Guinea, but we black people had so little cargo of our own? (Diamond 14) In other words, he is asking what is the factor amidst our people and ours that causes human development to proceed at different rates? (Diamond 16) What Yali is genuinely asking though, is, what is this hidden factor? According to Diamond, the basis for development is the environment around us including the resources and the native people of New Guinea dont live in an argona where a chance is provided for them to take prefer of. The natural resources atomic number 18 just enough for them to get by. This is why the people of New Guinea divulge so little cargo of their own. Pizarros capture of Atahuallpa and destruction of the Incas made the Europeans realize what originator they head, and what they could do to the rest of the world. They easily wiped push t hrough the Incas of 80,000 with 168 men. From the Battle of Cajamarca, Pizzaro came back to Charles I saying that Europe had the power to conquer the Americas. There were reasons Pizarro and the Europeans could conquer the Americas They had bring out warfare than the Incas.Pizarros men had armor rode horseback and employ steel compared to their wooden weapons. Eurasia happened to pee an abundance of edible material because of the right environment leading to the vapidity of plants and animals guide the people to settle down in atomic number 53 rear end instead of being nomads. When people started to settle down and bring the victuals to them, they started to bring forth a surplus which led for the people to have extra jobs and it started to also support a higher population while allowing women to have more children add to job specialization.These specialists were non devoted to farmers or food producers but varied to priests, blacksmiths etc. Permanent agribusiness societ ies were able to from with the food surpluses leading to empires. Some of the reason that people began to settle down and farm are because at the time galore(postnominal) wild foods began to decrease due to hunters and gatherers killing off too many large animals leaving life unsustainable. More wild plants that could be domesticated became addressable at the time. technological advances allowe3d people to harvest and store greater amounts of food that they cultivated.Human populations rose its not put across how much it ca employ food production and how much food production caused it but researchers believe theres a connection. As populations rose, they take to have better food supplies and started realm. The farm societies were able to drive out neighboring hunter-gatherers. A continent with long eastern United States-west axis like (Eurasia) has an advantage everywhere continents with long north-south axes (like Africa and the Americas). The reasons it does have to do wi th crops and longitude. In general similar crops can grow at similar longitudes.In other words a cropped that developed in one place can be spread east to west (or west to east) but less likely to spread north and south. Epidemic diseases developed among the societies that had been farming the longest. These were Eurasian societies. Societies in the Americas, Australia, and other places had not been farming as long and lacked epidemic diseases. When Europeans came in touch modality with Native Americans, for example, European epidemic diseases killed huge percentages of the Native Americans. This helped the Europeans conquer and the success made them richer and more powerful. indeed germs help to solve Yalis question. The societies that did independently invent writing were those with complex hierarchies and sophisticated systems of food production. Writing was needed for politics and was generally learned by bureaucrats who had the comfort of available time and energy. As food w as available to them, they had no need to hunt and gather for themselves. Since their basic needs were being met, they could focus on a higher level of existence and communication. There are two conditions in which technology may develop.The scratch line is mother necessity ideology which is when a society needs something to make things easier they invent it. Technology differed from place to place because there were more people to invent and better diffusion to spread the invention. The opposite happened in the Americas because there were less people and a slower diffusion rate. besides different cultures had different reports for change. The plainly way that society can emerge is through food. Such developments include jobs, such as the straits and the stolons of government.The institutions of society changed over time based on how organized they were. They evolved based around various factors like war and other societies. They are related by diffusion. Whenever a recite is conquered by another state they enforce use of their technology or exploit it. States are going to develop weapons, troops, and religion in order to make the state survive. They develop in response to need of their population size. They use these agents of conquest to become larger and to conquer other societies and for that they need guns, germs, and steel.What Diamond is saying is that he thinks that people really should not think that narration is so much different from the sciences. He is saying that the study of history can be clean scientific if it is done correctly (and that some sciences are not as precise as things like chemistry). Diamond is trying to argue that historians should use what he calls natural auditions. He thinks that there are many experiments where there are two or more places that are pretty similar in many ways but which therefore turned out differently (like his experiment in Chapter 2).He argues that historians can use these they can look at what was different and what was similar and how the differences led to the differences in the outcomes. Guns, Germs, and Steel Book Review I think Diamonds central tendency of writing the book is to explain how varying societies become dominate, and how certain others can become dominated. By looking for at environmental conditions that caused the disparities that lead to certain societies developing guns, germs, and steel, including other technology, and forming a government necessary for conquest.He introduced the book with Yalis question Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people has so little cargo of our own? This question used a scientific/geographic background, and set his intent is to answer the question or inform how to answer the question. He also tries to analyze the causes of the expansion of civilizations in some parts of the world, since all people are physically the same what could cause some to be successfu land others to die? He used archaeologic and historical case studies and evidence from genetics and linguistics, he argued that technological and gaps in power are not caused by race or culture differences but by environmental differences, He used the idea of the axis as one saying that Eurasia had an east to west (or west to east) therefore having an advantage over Africa or the Americas for instance, because crops could grow at the same longitude but it was more difficult as they went north and south.Also when cultural or genetic differences have favored Eurasians like for example written language or resistance to epidemic diseases he says these advantages occurred because of the influence and geography on societies and cultures and were not inherited as genes from Eurasian ancestors. Diamonds book argues that the differences in progress for different societies around the world do not result from one group being smarter or more resourceful than another.Rather, he focuses on the i mpact of geography whether food and other key items were plentiful, whether and how disease spread, and how these developments led to different levels of industrialization, and wealth The book Guns, Germs, and Steel was very salutary written in the sense that Diamond had a question in which was the foundation of the book, he throughout the book acquired evidence and explanations and ideas of how to answer the question.The book had evidence to back it up by explaining how Eurasia had a better opportunity being west to east meaning they had better crop farming. Which led to a maturement civilization and soon conquest. The book wasnt exactly dull or boring but it wasnt exciting or entertaining either. It was like any other history book it asked a question, then went on to the point. There was an explanation of the main topic which was Yalis question and evidence that dealt with answering the question.From beginning to end, Diamond stresses that he realizes that efforts to compare so cieties have frequently been used by racists or nationalists to belittle groups or justify mistreatment of them. He argues that his analysis is in fact anti-racism at work because it shows that the white people who enchant the comforts of modern life are ultimately luckier than, not more deserving than, people in impoverished nations.