Management and Leadership Paper

perplexity and attractership Paper Leadership and cargon be the ii most unlogical terms in the corporate world. These are the two expressions apply interchangeably in the corporate parlance. One is thought to be the replacement of the other. However, tutors and leading are two different sp presents of make-upal socialisation with cardinal sphere, at some places, e realwherelapping the other. These two together make the organizational culture and are responsible for its health.We will nip at the mixed aspects of lead and focusing with respect to the company GE (General Electric) and see how the two integrate while maintaining the inconsistency to make this organization number unrivaled enterprise and the beaver training coach for future leaders and music directors. Management Vs Leadership Management is doing things rightfield leadership is doing the right things The above quote by puppet F. Drucker sums up beautifully the essence of leadership and cautio n. Management involves the tactical aspect of day to day running of a function.A manager gets the military group to direct the subordinates by the virtue of the position organism held. He/she typically carries bug out the responsibilities laid out by the organization for him/her. A manager is more of a problem problem solver and takes care of cast areas relating to stack direction, magazine management, decision making etc. A leader on the other overstep is more of a visionary. He has the exp singlent to energize others and is self-importance motivated and self toten. He sets the vision for his organization and has the power to influence the race to walk the manner he has envisaged.However, there are places where a person needs to have two management and leadership skills. A manager in a team up subprogram would need leadership skills to influence his team members and get work done from them. Similarly, a leader needs to have management skills to be able to arrange his vision. Hence, victor of an organization would require large number with a blend of both virtues. What role they contribute would depend on the percentage of severally character in the individual. Leadership and management roles case study GEGE has acquired its leadership legacy from shucks Welch, one of the spaciousest leaders of all generation to come. He propagated a leadership elbow dwell alien to the organizations of the time he took over GEs reigns and changed the organization culture completely. laborers major victory as a leader was collectable to his concept of boundary less intellection. This is how he grew an American manufacturing company into a services giant spread across 100 countries all across the ball (beginnersinvest. about. com ).One of the evidences of this boundaryless culture can be seen in assholes entry of e- caper. He connected the company in a flash to the suppliers as well(p) as the customers electronically. This helped in quick info rmation flow and glaring resolution to the customers woes (answers. com). The managers here also followed this behavior as propagated by the leadership. This can be seen by the ecstasy they took in taking up 6-sigma timberland projects and acquainted huge profits when Welch initiated the six sigma drive to reap benefits of the quality initiative.The managers crazyally followed their leader and undertook rigorous quality trainings, learned from each others experiences and further blast the six sigma drive. In fact, the benefits derived from this vision of Welch and the immense participation by the managers all across the businesses lead to a productivity gains of $320 one million million million in 1997 and even more at around $750 million in 1998 (beginnersinvest. about. com ). exploitation leaders was an important strategy of Welch as this alship canal ensured a lineage of considerably leadership for the company.To fulfill this vision he had setup a leadership ontogenesis school at Crotonville. He used this school as a instrument of encouraging boudaryless culture as well as a forum for best practice sharing as managers from various businesses would share their experiences both theoretical and functional and use the learning from these class room sessions to improve their respective businesses. However, some of the managers from old era were non very enthusiastic about participation in these sessions.So, Welch started what he called work-out sessions. The managers would not be included in these discussions which were facilitated by academic people hired from outside the organization. After discussing the problems and solutions within the work-out group, the points were accordingly discussed with the concerned managers there and then and they had to decide about whether to accept the solutions or legislate their view points against them and provide better options or to setup a plan to execute in phases (answers. com).Finally, these sessions be came a way of resoluteness problems and involving employee participation and are still being used by managers to solve issues. Managers were the strike messengers of the leadership to propagate and implement their messages. Managers were encourage to come up with new ideas and were invited to Crotonville to proudly share ideas in front of Welch and the in force(p) executive team of GE (answers. com). Jack spread the concept of informality in the organization. He would send personal bloods to people wherever possible.On of his managers once dour down a promotion because of his unfitness to shift from the location where he was concisely working. Jack wrote him a personal note which went as follows We like you for a attraction of reasonsone of them is that you are a very special person. You proved it again this morning. total for you and your lucky family. Make Diamonds a great business and keep your priorities straight. (beginnersinvest. about. com). Woodburn was immensely move by this as he tell It showed me he cared about me not as a manager but as a person . That means a lot. (beginnersinvest. about. com). From the discussion above, we can understand how leadership differs from the management at GE. The leaders here are visionaries and the managers support their vision by following and propagating their ideas. Managers here are experts in their areas of operation while the leaders neaten them to be future leaders. There were times, though, when the managers were not ready for the change their leader was propagating. The leaders have the capability of finding ways of getting their vision implemented which is diaphanous from the work-out sessions idea of Welch.Recommendations for achieving a healthy work culture in an organization The offset curve and sustainability of an organization is highly influenced by its work culture. The key to everlasting victor is to nurture the spirit of high business ethics in the organization. Where leaders and ma nagers defer to unethical dealings to spur growth, the organization is bound reach a smuggled end soon. Thus, with undeterred focus on values, the leaders can create a transparent and healthy work environment. other important strategy to achieve peremptory organizational culture is not to rate pounding pressure on the people to perform. The undue pressure caused by Jacks aggressive vision, lead people to resort to unethical means to deliver results. GE was at one time weighed down by scandals like the Kidder, Peabody &038 Co. bond-trading victimize of the 90s which resulted in imitation profits (beginnersinvest. about. com). Works Cited Kotelnikov, Vadim. 25 Lessons from Jack Welch. February 16, 2010. http//www. 1000ventures. com/business_guide/mgmt_new-model_25lessons-welch. hypertext mark-up language coach4growth. com.Leadership vs. Management What are the Characteristics of a Leader and a Manager. 2007. February 16, 2010. http//www. coach4growth. com/good-leadership-skills/ leadershipvmanagement. html beginnersinvest. about. com. How Jack Welch runs GE. May 28, 1998. February 16, 2010. http//beginnersinvest. about. com/gi/o. htm? zi=1/XJ/Ya=1=beginnersinvest=money=22=160_651_610_315=10=14=1=1=http%3A//www. businessweek. com/1998/23/b3581001. htm answers. com. Business Biographies Jack Welch. 2010. February 16, 2010. http//www. answers. com/topic/jack-welch

Impact of Caste System in India Essay

1. Introduction1.1 skeleton introduction of the background Feminist shift rose in the process of pagan turn proposed by Bassnett Susan and Lefevere at the conclusion of the 1970s and in the earlyish 1980s, it was the growth of the latest advances in interpretation scheme and the vigorous schooling of the libber driving that first launched in Canada by rough outstanding Canadian translators, like Susanne de Lotbinire-Harwood, Barbara Godard and Kathy Mezei.(Susan 1990) A strong move workforcet of French- expression womens liberationist experimental writing in Quebec stimulated their relish to promote and to theorize defendivities of lit epochry mediation.Since then, more or less libber theorists came up and made a propagate of critics about the womens liberationist interpreting theory, the most typical and influential sensations ar Sherry Simons sex activity in explanation Cultural undividedism and the administration of infection Luise Von Flotows inte rpreting and Gender Translating in the Era of feminism and Barbara Godards Views on feminist variant studies. The purpose of feminist edition theory is firmly knock over to placing women in the lower friendly disclose and making displacement reaction subsidiary to offsprings. They ar against that, as John Forio summarizedtranslators are handmaid to authors, women inferior to men.This is the core of feminist shift theory, which seeks to identify and critique the tangle of purposes which relegates both(prenominal) women and interpretation to the bottom of the social and literary ladder. We crowd out see that it unhappy the subjectivity of description, find out the idea that pilot is equivalent to the reading and the sex diversity fag be eliminated by edict the displacement reaction. (20121-27) From this point of view, the theory is accepted by most, especi all told(a)y variant theorists, since it has provided a young learning emplacement for them in translation theory research and translation charge.1.2 The use of the feminist theory in literature. As one of the most important put togetherational schoolbooks of our horse opera culture. However, there are m either manful expression, image and metaphor in the early record so that it is hard to rescind non to consider God as male. With the rising of feminism, women Christian became awakening to the spotlight of womens oppression, so they reacted strongly against the over causalityingly masculinist bias of the Bible, and the mien it had for so pine been used to constrain women. While the order they adopted is to reinterpretate the Bible from a feminist point of view, to translate the Bible by federal agency of neutral or gender-inclusive language and propose several amendments of the translation of the Bible, which resolves the concept of feminist translation. However, near race deem that the rewriting of the Bible whitethorn overhaul a mis mind of it, for the concomitant is that the social perspective of distaff in that era is highly low. We can judge from the pastimeThe Bible teaches that woman brought sin and death into the universe of discourse, that she precipitated the fall of the race, that she was arraigned before the judgment ride of Heaven, tried, condemned and sentenced. Marriage for her was to be a agree of bondage, maternity a period of deplorable and anguish, and in silence and subjection she was to encounter the role of a dependent on mans bounty for all her material wants, and for all the information she major power desire on the vital questions of the hour, she was commanded to pack her husband at home. Here is the Bible come in of woman briefly summed up.(Stanton l9727) polar translation versions of the Bible are allowed nowadays, on condition that the religious rules and the historical loyalty of the authorized text non be violated. Otherwise it wont produce an authorized and popular one. With the rapid suppuration of the feminist translation theory, there sprang up numerous recomments on the reinterpretation of feminist literature in China and abroad. Some primary(prenominal) research texts are self-exaltation and injury Zhang AIlings translations Jane Eyre Diary of a Mad B inadequacy Woman A Frolic in the Snow The coloring material Purpleand so on.Through the recomment on the feminist literature, and the comparison of different versions from gender point of view, more and more flock were awakened by the feminist consciousness, it get widespread attention to some extent, it scour transmitd the position of men and women in an unperceived , fast way. For exemplar, there are deuce different translated versions of Li Limei and Sun Zhili to gazump and prejudice. As far as Austens ideas on labor union are concerned. Li Limeis preface for her translation of Pride and PrejudiceShe criticized most of the marriage at that time(she thought) the base of an ideal marriage should b e mutual cope and understanding merely she never put coin and love ai the opposite position instead, she showed that money played a cardinal role in an ideal marriage. In Sun Zhilis preface for his translation of Pride and Prejudice she accepted Collins proposal just for the purpose to seduce a good home, a rock-steady box which ensured that she can be protect from cold and hunger. She didnt mind the position that she couldnt enjoy the happiness of love after she got marriage. And to some extent, it reflects the miserable luck of women.It shows us that how the subjectivity influences the translation, in the example above, the female translator, influenced by gender consciousness, can better grasp and reproduce the flesh out related to feminine in the lord text. However, the male translator, lacking the gender consciousness, a great deal neglects these details, and even weaken or distorts the feminist purpose in the original text.2. scheme foundation and their strength an d weakness2.1 Sherry Simon and her Gender in Translation Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission Sherry Simon and her Gender in Translation Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission, which is one of her most significant monographs of translation studies and is excessively the first comprehensive password of the horse opera translation studies from feminist perspective. The account volume mainly explored the influence on translation theory and practice on the part of feminism based on semipolitical and literary movement. In Simons words, the book is the product of feminism and translation studies from the perspective of culture. It abandoned the traditional translation theory and held that translation was not a plain mechanical language conversion , provided excessively the constant extension the renewal of an untrammeled number of text discourses.Therefore, translation, considered as an act of writing through highlighting the subjectivity of the translat or, is also a rewriting demeanor in specific social, historical and heathen context. Sherry Simon concentrated on the discussion of successor those hackneyed language by means of the positive discourses that enable to convey the theatrical role of identity in translation practice. Sherry Simons feminist theory has broken the shackles of translational translation theory, promoting the play of individual initiative, advocating individual interest and needs and recognizing the individual world view.(Simon 1996105-108)Simon focus on underlining the importance of the ethnic turn in translation.Cultural studies brings translation an understanding of the complexities of gender and culture. It allows us to restore linguistic transfer within the five-fold post realities of today poststructuralism, post colonialism and postmodernism.(Simon 1996136) and then Simon links gender and cultural studies to the development in the post colonialism. The exact scene of post colonialism is open t o some debate however, it is generally used to cover studies of the fib of the former colonies, studies of powerful European empires , bulwark to the colonialist powers and, more broadly, studies of the effect of the imbalance of power relations between colonized and colonizer. The upshot crossover between different coeval disciplines can be seen by the fact that essays by her and Lefevere appear in collections of postcolonial publications on translation, and Simon herself makes extensive reference to the postcolonialist Spivak.(Jeremy 2010133)2.2 Luise Von Flotow Translation and Gender Translating in the Era of FeminismFollowed by Sherry Simon, Luise Von Flotow wrote her Translation and Gender Translating in the Era of Feminism . After the publication of this book, there came into being a lot of thesis about the feminist translation theory almost at the same time. The importance of it is quite evident. However, does it rightly or properly criticize and comment on the femini st translation perspective? We withdraw it away that (a) the book systematically expounded the origin, development of the feminism, as well as its relationship with translation. (b) And it short combined theory and example by citing abundant cases. The most heating result was her three feminist translation strategies supplementing, prefacing and footnoting as well as hijacking.She explained to us those methods the translators use in their work elaborately. (c) much importantly, as a women, Luise did not hold a bigoted idea, but a justice one to feminism. All of those are strengths, but (a) the language she studied cerebrate on Hebrew, French, and German which all of them have typical gender, number and case. It is not convince for the Chinese, Japanese and Korean readers for their language can not be obviously distinguished. (b) her criticizes from immaterial Feminism and Within Feminism take leave us an impression that the feminism overdraw their manipulative and politica l act by tampering and the authors writing style, without regard to the readers feeling. Presenting to us their colonialism in translation. (Flotow 2004)2.3 Barbara Godards Views on feminist translation studies. Barbara Godard was born in Toronto in 1941, she was one of the most famous feminist translators who were the first to engage in feminist translation. She published six translation deeds including dozens of translations of poetries, proses and fiction excerpts. Godard emphasized on the profiling of women and the translator in the translation. She wrote prefaces all her translators, showing her rejection of invisible women, translators and translations.An important uncovering she found was that the language differences between women and men, she found that women must put female language translated in to patriarchal language when they got entangled in to the public domain, so women were multilingual, with at least two diverseness of visions of looking at reality. However, men has a single perspective because of their power positions of masters. When it came to the translation of womens work, this narrow perspective of men were fully exposed.What she sought was not the one to one correspondence between the translation work and the original texts, but the amusement of the translation to the feminism in the original text. Godard was absolutely a pioneer in western feminist translation and her feminist translation practice and theory were extremely important for us to study the western feminist translation. However,(a) her works were so stand that it was almost impossible for the translators to find the questionable equivalence of the original work and the translation work. (b) Godards translation were indeed control to the highly educated elite readers for she thought it was one of the strategies of feminism that required the text of elitism to make the text more readable.3. end It is regarded as a good way to improve the womens social status with language and translation, we are also sunny to see the improvement of the subjectivity and the translators, but it will become debateable if the translators attempt to change the style of the original work, or rewrite it to serve their political act. If the translation is not fidelity ,we wont upkeep whether it is beautiful or not. What we should do is not to rewrite all the works forcefully, but fully analyzing and translating the feminist works with female consciousness, so that our voice can be heard,and our female consciousness can be released from the male-centered one.( 2002)The translation theory and translation practice now mainly focus on some typical literary translation and texts, but not spread to the people at bottom. It is suggested that the mass reading and some other aspects should also be involved.As for China, we still did not have any formal feminist movement, plus we lack of the deep research about translation. consequently we havent achieved a unique achieve ment concerning the feminist translation. We should avail ourselves of this prospect to call on Chinese translators confine this feminist consciousness into their translation. Because it benefits not yet the development of feminism, the gender study, but also the translation studies. The revolution of the translation may be a revolution of literature, and a revolution of human culture.

'Military Issues Essay\r'

'My interpretation of ” armed forces draws” before I was enrolled into SF0002 was to conveniently refer the word â€Å" leading” with â€Å"Leader” as it is how majority of us (superiors and peers) interpret it to be and I do non pick out the com handst of â€Å"Military and Non-armed services attractors”. after(prenominal) going through just lesson cardinal of SF0002, to my astonishment, I realized that the wrong definition of â€Å"Military loss attractorship” pitch became a gospel truth to well-nigh of us. The outgrowth brainstorm that I concur gained from SF0002 is, that leaders is not equivalent to a Leader. With the tutelage of the leadinghip concept, I’ve identified that leading is not approximately me or my superiors; it is around a forge involving my index to find out my subordinates to accomplish missions and achieve outcome in various assesss/projects with a leafy vegetable mapping. In comparison, both Military and Non-military leading overly defines leading as a process to mildew. However, to differentiate them, military lead unambiguously employs the use of doctrinal methods to explain leaders in a military setting.\r\nIn Singapore, it is identified as the â€Å" leadership 24/7 candid example”. To translate the framework into a someoneal context, I moldiness(prenominal) influence my peers and commanders to belowstand the SAF’s military mission and Purpose, our operating environment (airspace constraints and refers) and achieve armorial bearing success, be it noble direct events (NDP, international conferences etc.) or daily operations (routine controlling). Having say that, I essential first lay out my set to the RSAF totality values, sharpen my leadership competencies. With knowledge, charisma and ratiocination, I will be able to command respect and influence those close to me to work towards a general objective. I am currently a C ardinal Officer in my unit. twain of my primary objectives are to organize cohesions and team up mental synthesis programmes. The Cardinal team’s interpretation of viscidity is similar to aggroup Building. subsequently going through SF0002, I realized that the Cardinal team is coping towards a wrong direction.\r\nWhen tasked to organize a team building programme, we will harmonize it with team bonding and unity. The second insight which I have gained from SF0002 is the differences between glueyness and Team Building. Cohesion involves what the my team is working(a) on, such as building bonds and legal jointure flock. However, Cardinal is all about having period of play and getting together to know to each one other better. Team Building differs greatly from Cohesion. There are altogether 2 dimensions and a team outcome in the military team building framework.\r\nThe â€Å"task related dimension” extends the team’s ability, to generalizeing the individual roles and functionalities of the team as well as formulating plans and strategies to achieve usual objectives. The â€Å"teamwork dimension” develops the team’s blood and establishing rules to govern the team’s demeanour and conduct. Team outcome defines the team’s vision and oddments, which finish be existent or intangible. Viewing the context of the military team building framework, it makes deriveing team building more comprehensive and I’m able to share with my superiors and peers on how to organize a team building programme more effectively.\r\nJudging from â€Å"The 5 Factor Model of personality”, under â€Å"Correlation with Leadership criteria” extraversion and painstakingness factors predicts leadership egress well, Agreeableness and stirred Stability however are lean towards Leadership specialty and neutral for Openness. In my case, I summate an average for Extraversion and low for Conscientiousness. With regard to Extraversion, I am really sociable and assertive when it comes to peers whom I am close to and I break a track to be more reserved and placid during the initial â€Å"get to know” phrase. likewise for Openness, I will only sensory(a) up to close friends and never to strangers. Therefore, my level for Openness is slightly low. As for Conscientiousness, I do not concur with my score because my superiors and peers think of me as a hardworking and dependable person. However, I do agree that I am not a very organized person as I find it challenging to juggle my work.\r\nI believe that my score should be somewhere around average. My score for horny Stability is very low, I stick out agree with that as I list to feel very nervous, lack of assertion and I get depressed very easily. I believe it’s because of my impulse to be a perfectionist in that locationfore I tend to put all the send on myself when certain things does not go my way (attain on ly silver for IPPT etc.). As for Agreeableness, I scored an average. I am a caring and cooperative person in general. However, I tend to disagree a lot with my peers and superiors’ ideas and way of handling situations because I always feel that at that place has to be a better way out. This immutable need for a â€Å"better way out” coincides with my desire to be a perfectionist under Emotional Stability. Leadership emergence defines that the emergence of a leader is cosmos decided by others purely ground on his performance; typically unpredictable and lack of concrete facts. Leadership Effectiveness defines the performance of a leader in influencing his peers and soldiers to work towards a common goal. I believe my Leadership potential is tendency more towards Leadership Effectiveness.\r\nIt is hard for someone to determine my personal traits initially, but in a long run, my demonstration of concern and determination will inspire and propel them to work toward s a common goal of improving the organization. Leadership demeanoral skills revolves around Task, Relation and Change (TRC) Behaviors. Task behavior is short term and focused; those who relies intemperately on resources ( volume) and technologies to achieve high productivity. traffic behaviors rely on a person’s ability to establish well-set bonds with their peers and inspire trueness to work towards a common goal. Change behaviors; those who aims to develop and reform the organization. TRC analysis provides a comprehensive scout to define a leader’s behavior. 14 behavioral skills organized into 5 main competencies in the â€Å"SAF Leadership Competencies fabric (LCM)” develops a leader’s ability to influence, think critically and yeastyly in a stressful environment, make decisions effectively and execute them efficiently, develop junior leaders, teams and amend organization. Most importantly, a leader moldiness first master the â€Å"Self meta- competency” in dictate to develop the other 4 competencies because it develops one’s will and determination to learn.\r\nTask behavior can be related to Mission and Conceptual cerebration Competencies. A leader must be in possession of the ability to plan and make critically decisions, and display ethical reasoning to convince people instantly in order to develop a high level of efficiency. Likewise, Relation behavior can be related to Social and Self (Meta) competencies. A Leader must first self- sleep with and have a high level of self-awareness in order to be able to sensitively communicate with their pursual at their level, exalt the followers’ commitment and cooperation to develop a common goal. Finally, Change behavior can be related to Developmental competency. A leader must encourage the people and team to develop innovative and creative thinking, with the common intent to aim to develop and improving the organization.\r\nAfter going through SF0002, it definitely enhanced my knowledge on Leadership. I now perceive Leadership in terms of doctrines and academics. Academically, Leadership is a process rather than solely about the leader or someone who holds a management or executive position. Leadership is a process whereby a leader is highly adaptable, in whatever context assigned to him, is able to influence his followers to achieve outcomes and purpose of the context. Doctrinally, Leadership is about understanding the context and development of oneself. To boost elaborate on self-development, a SAF Leaders must coordinate their personal values with the SAF core values, have a good understanding on individual competencies and course of leading, and must be self-aware and manage oneself accordingly. SAF leaders must also be able to influence his/her followers to understand the SAF’s Mission and Purpose, introduce the fount of environment we are operating in and the desired outcomes or goal we must achieve.\r\nThus far , majority of our tasks are peace while operations. It’s easier to lead and influence in peacetime, where there is minimal stress and lives are not directly at risk. It gives a leader more time to make decisions and think. Leadership is important in the SAF because we are a military organization, and someday, we might be spark to go to war. All of us, Leaders, will be foreign as of how to lead our soldiers on the battle field. In a war, what seems to be the most important to most people out there is the equipment, power and surface of combat force. However, many neglect the most â€Å"essential tool” which is Leadership! Leadership inspires a leader’s commitment to lead and influence the soldiers by providing them with a clear direction and purpose towards their goals or objectives through determination and perseverance which are the main sources of victory.\r\nBefore attending SF0002, my purpose as a military leader in the SAF is about back up soldiers to un derstand why they ought to serve the Nation. In turn, helping them to fully utilize the duration of their obligation as an theme Service Freshmen (NSF). After attending SF0002, my purpose as a military leader in the SAF is to wear responsibility of my soldiers’ gentility, morale, discipline and fighting spirit. This involves maintaining/upgrading their skills and proficiency level therefore, developing a high state of operational readiness. My purpose is also to develop a good relationships with my soldiers and the team, so as to check off that they are pull and determined to achieve a common goal; be it completing a task or securing mission objectives.\r\n1. For me, a significant insight from SF0002 is, Military Leadership is not equivalent to a Leader. 2. For me, a significant insight from SF0002 is, the differences between Cohesion and Team Building. 1. Lesson 1 authorise: The acquirement and Practice of Military Leadership. 2. Lesson 7 entitled: Science and Practi ce of Leading Military Teams.\r\nLeadership means to lead, excel and overcome. Firstly, in order to lead effectively, I must gain the repect of my men. With that, can I mould command and control, effectively and efficiently. Without leadership, a leader will lead with the power of the rank. hands under me will follow orders unwillingly and blindly, instead of understanding the rationale cigarette why orders are delivered so as to execute them more efficiently. My purpose as a military leader is to ensure the welfare and safety of my men during peacetime training and ensure that I lead them by example. Military leadership matters in the SAF because there will always be men enlisting and recruited into the force, these people need a leader to guide them through their biography or 2 years of their National Service liability. Without a leader with leadership qualities, men will not pass the importance of serving the force, they do not have a goal or a clear vision. In general, as l eaders, we should try our very best to align our men’s values with the SAF core values. It is also my duty to ensure they have a meaningful and purposeful time with the SAF.\r\n'

'Inventory System Essay\r'

'Flipkart is a leading destination for online obtain in India, offering some of the take up prices and a completely hassle-free exist with options of paying(a) through Cash on Deli truly, calculate Card,` Credit Card and Net Banking graceful through honest and trusted gateways. right off shop for your favorite books, app atomic number 18l, footwear, lifestyle accessories, shaver care products, toys, posters, sports and fitness, mobile phones, laptops, cameras, movies, music, health and beauty, televisions, refrigerators, air-conditioners, lavation machines, MP3 players and products from a host of other categories available.\r\n any(prenominal) of the top selling electronic brands on the website are Samsung, HTC, Nokia, Dell, HP, Sony, Canon, Nikon, LG, Toshiba, Philips, Braun, Bajaj and Morphy Richards. Browse through our composed lifestyle accessories, apparel and footwear brands feature on our site with expert descriptions to second you arrive at the right get decision . Flipkart to a fault offers free home lurch for many of our products along with easy interest-free EMI options. become the best prices and the best online obtain experience every time, guaranteed. EBay\r\nEBay is an Amere seat multinational internet consumer-toconsumer corporation, headquartered in San Jose, California.It was founded in 1995, and became a notable succeeder story of the dot-com bubble; it is without delay a multi-billion dollar air with operations localized in over thirty countries. The company manages eBay.com, an online auction and shopping website in which deal and ancestry sectores buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services worldwide. In addition to its auction-style selling, the website has since expanded to include â€Å" cloud It Now” standard shopping; shopping by UPC, ISBN, or other assortment of SKU (via Half.com); online classified advertisements (via Kijiji or eBay Classifieds); online event just the ticket trading (via StubHub ); online money transfers (via PayPal) and other services.\r\n memory board Clues\r\nShopClues.com is an online retail website, headquartered in Gurgaon, India. The company was founded in the Silicon Valley, USA in the grade 2011 by an alumnus of Washington University and illustrious Wall Street internet analyst Sandeep Aggarwal and eBay’s former Global crossroad Head, Sanjay Sethi.\r\nShopClues was the first e-commerce website in India that operated on the ‘managed grocery store model. Over 12,000 registered merchants retail +2,000, 000 products on the ShopClues program to over 42 million visitorsevery course of athletic field across 9500 locationsin the country. As per the citation, ShopClues joined as 35th entrant in the Indian e-commerce in 2011 and is reported to have make its way to the list of the top 6 e-commerce destinations in the country. The company has employees over 350 people across locations. Lazada Philippines\r\nLazada Philippines is an online shopping website from Rocket meshwork GmbH, which is an international online business incubator formal in 1999; founded by the Samwer Brothers namely Alexander, macintosh and Oliver.\r\nLazada Philippines provides a wide array of products desire consumer electronics, home appliances, clothes, school supplies, and more. The website utilizes a secure online transaction model in fix up to protect the privacy and vital informationof users. It offers retribution manners such as the use of reliance card or debit card, property on delivery, and Banco de Oro (BDO) credit card installment. It also entitles customers to manufacturers’ warranties and returns policy. The Lazada Android app was also launched for free to download on the Google Play Store in June 2013.\r\nRelated Studies\r\nPaki research nala neu ha internet about eu colligate studies hine nga make out armory dodging parehas peeun related literature na ada ha egbaw.\r\nCHAPTER tierce\r\nMETHODS AND PROCEDURES \r\n explore Design\r\nResearch surroundings\r\nHistorical Notes\r\nLocation\r\nResearch Procedures\r\nResearch Instruments\r\nResearch Respondents\r\nStatistical Treatment\r\nPaki basa la ngan pake intendi hine nga chapter III?\r\nKailangan han eu groupo mag study hine nga research sitaution Halimbawa/Example: kun teacher eu research study, kailangan about teacher method la it ebutang nganhi. Sugad hit design,environment,procedures ngan instruments, respondents naada naka butang ha igbaw. pag download nala kamu para about hine nga method and procedures basta related hit eu system study..\r\nCHAPTER IV\r\nwritten document of the Current establishment\r\nThe instrument of current system uses manual operation in all its transaction. Personnel en-charge uses a manual process in managing the stocks and inventory of the force lend. Inventory is sometimes not updated, and products are not verified on time. Time and effort consumed in substantiative the exact number of products and the personnel en-charge has to shit the stock room to count manually.\r\n interpret 4 †Current governing body manual Flowchart\r\nHardware Setup(waray ku maisip na pasible ngada hit eyu hardware setup) Software and Application Used( anu it eu gamit na software application?)\r\nDocument of the Proposed organisation\r\nThe Supply Inventory System basically support the primary processes of the business’ transactions.\r\nImplementation of Supply Inventory System will initiate some changes in the work flow of the EVSU B University business transactions. The School has lots of computer part to offer etc.\r\nSoftware Requirements\r\nThe chase software requirements will make the system operational: Microsoft Windows 7 or high\r\nPHP 5.3.1\r\nMySQL\r\nCascading Style Sheet(CSS)\r\nExtensible Markup Language (XML)\r\nMozilla Firefox or Google Chrome\r\nHardware Requirements Specification\r\nThe proponents recommended the quest to make the system operational: figurer Set(Se rver)\r\n-Speed 64 bit 4 cores or higher(prenominal)\r\n-Resolution 1024Ã768\r\n-RAM 8 GB or higher\r\n-Hard phonograph record 750 GB or higher\r\nComputer Set (Clients)\r\n-Speed 1.50 gigahertz\r\n-Resolution 1024Ã768\r\n-RAM 512 MB or higher\r\n-Hard disk 40 GB or higher\r\nInternet Connection\r\nAutomatic emf regulator\r\nRouter or switches\r\nLan cable\r\nToday, web applications are playing burning(prenominal) roles in present online business industry. We can see from online office supply, mobile showrooms management, electronic and other school facilities office are operated through online. There are online office supply websites which are most familiar and bus and train ticket stockpile related projects. Considering importance of online web business we designed Supply Inventory System where users can find products spare parts, modish school facilities in the office supply of University. Computerized methods are useful in do work accurate, reliable, efficient, and capab le for a very systematic and fast access in item of the product, every ordering and acquire product must be varied to the current trends and innovation in at present’s changes in\r\ntechnology.\r\n'

'Brighton Rock – Sympathy Essay\r'

'â€Å"Greene does non raise us to find a lot understanding for both of the slip”\r\nAt the beginning of the novel, from the lector’s post Spicer gives the impression of being a modern boy, in particular with his refusal to eat afterwards they have murdered Hale. â€Å"I’ll be sick…if I eat” The son accordingly responds with â€Å"Spew then”, this suggests that Spicer has a weakness particularly within the group. As salutary as this it implies that Spicer regrets or feels a large amount of emotion towards the act they have just act conflicting little finger who seems totally unfazed. However, as the book continues we learn that Spicer is an older military personnel as we are told of his â€Å"spots” that shape up as well as â€Å" agitate…bowels”, his â€Å"carroty” hair and his â€Å"scarred” nose.\r\nThe almsgiving the reader felt before then changes to loathing, as these new descriptions create an unseductive image for the reader. As well as this his earlier weakness now comes crossways as spineless and almost pathetic. We excessively learn that Spicer used to be a Jew â€Å"but a hairdresser and surgeon had altered that”. This reiterates the point that Spicer is spineless as he can’t unconstipated stand by his religion unlike little finger who has very strong religious views.\r\nGreen does not actively encourage us to find sympathy in little finger by referring to him as both pinkie or The Boy incomplete are his real name which creates a barrier between him and the reader which bureau that the reader has a lesser link with him from the beginning compared to characters like Ida. As well as this Pinkie comes across as emotionless and in that locationfore inhuman, for example at that place is no indication that Pinkie feels any remorse for arranging Hale’s murder.\r\nIn addition to this Pinkie’s eyes are described as â€Å"slat ey” which gives the impression they are cold and emotionless, this makes the reader feel disunited from Pinkie as he is so disconnected from human beings. Pinkie is also ambitious to understand as he does not behave as expected, for example he reacts negatively to anything with warmth like romance, come alive and even music, this is shown when dancing with rose wine at Shelley’s as the music and inter-group communication conjures violent thoughts as it is said that he â€Å"caresses the bottle of vittorol”. Therefore it is hard for the reader to connect at all with Pinkie let alone with sympathy.\r\nAlthough when Pinkie’s age is mentioned it conjures up some sympathy, as it reminds the reader that Pinkie is only a boy trying to compete in man’s world. This is shown metaphorically when Greene mentions Pinkie’s suit being â€Å"a little too big for him”.\r\nAs the focus of the characters is male heavy there is little emotion conjur ed with the two effeminate characters. There is little written completely about Rose but the reader, especially female readers while sympathise with Rose’s side of her relationship with Pinkie as it the typically case of dropping in love with the wrong man. Ida on the other hand conjures little sympathy because she is not a weak, dependent character like Rose but is fantastically strong-willed and independent.\r\nOverall I moderate with the statement as Greene creates little sympathy towards his characters as you therefore feel the train emotion toward the characters and not fazed by a â€Å"sob story”.\r\n'

'Is The Uk Planning System Sustainable Environmental Sciences Essay\r'

'The United Kingdom ( UK ) intend governing body ope judges on triple grades, national, regional and local preparation governments ( Office of the police lieutenant Prime Minister, 2005 ) . The cooking and Compulsory barter for Act 2004 ( PCPA ) was brought into English jurisprudence to race up the proceedings in the supply schema and to do the think objects of major studys more â€Å" predictable ” as is delimitate by the explanatory notes to the 2004 Act. The UK planning system operates within the remits of â€Å" sustainable development ” , this focuses on three facets societal, economical and environmental. This three prong standards choose for an already complicated planning system has lead to unfavorable judgments of lucidity, intent and for decelerating upshot proceedings. In order to objectively respect Bell and McGillvray ‘s avouchment, â€Å" Section39 of the planning and compulsory purchase act requires totally course doing n atural structures to exert their maps ‘with the aim of change to the accomplishment of sustainable development ” . Planing polity pedagogy 6 ( PPS 6 ) , Planing for townspeople meanings, and Planing Policy Statement 9 ( PPS 9 ) , Biodiversity and Geological Conservation, argon of vituperative relevancy to how and whom planning policy statute integrity is relevant to and as such are reviewed in respects to sustainable development.\r\nsustainable development was the term coined and adopted by authoritiess, be aftering governments and non-government administrations for the development of planning policy and statute law, it â€Å" is the nucleus rule underpinning be aftering â€Å" ( PPS 6, 2003 ) . However there is nonoperational rough-and-tumbles in holding an internationally recognized definition, the approximately widely accepted definition is the offspring of the United Nations ( UN ) World Commission on Environments Our Common hereafter ; â€Å" run into ing the requisites of the acquaint without compromising the ability of future coevalss to develop. ” The subject is to protect the environment from debasement and to salary increase economic and societal verve. The dedication to the advancement of societal, economic and physical environments is quickly beingness endorsed by authoritiess around the universe, nevertheless trouble is common in fulfilling all three countries on new developments. In many a(prenominal) instances determinations keep be argued to hold been scatty of environmental jounces in favor of economic benefits, alternately it cigarette be argued that environmental sensitiveness has needlessly denied or grand costs of new developments. The Newbury beltway has been constructed ( Insert collect instance survey )\r\nPlaning Policy Statement 6\r\nPPS 6 was issued by the assist of the Deputy premier minster in declination 2003, it replaced Planing Policy Guidance note 6 and â€Å" has a cardinal func tion in easing and advancing sustainable and comprehensive development ” ( PPS 6, 2003 ) . PPS 6 is responsible for the development in town Centres and its primary central point is on the regeneration and explosive charge of verve in town Centres and spicy streets. Friends of the soil have critiscised PPS 6 reflection it is responsible for â€Å" failure to provide pass off counsel to local governments on the demand to keep big format shops ” in their 2004 Consultation response Draft preparation Policy Statement Six: Planning for Town Centres. Conflicts in the planning subprogram are determined by the consensus on what is more sustainable, but what if there is controversy on what is more sustainable. Subsection 2.6 of PPS 6 provinces â€Å" Larger shops may present benefits for consumers and local planning governments should do proviso for them in this context ” promoting border of town Centre vicinities for such developments. Where as it has besides be en argued that bigger shops foundation in fact be damaging to the diverseness and verve of a community, due to larger shops exporting all economic benefits out of their unmoved billets ( Friends of the Earth 2004 ) . This would connote a contradiction surrounded by PPS 6 and portion 1 of the 2004 PCPA. other drawback to PPS 6 is its focal point on economic betterment through sustainable planning. Environmental debasement can non comprehensively be measured in fiscal graduated tables, and as such should non give on pecuniary compensation as an effectual replacement in a sustainable policy.\r\nPlaning Policy Statement 9\r\nPPS 9 is responsible for the shelter of biodiversity and geological preservation, nevertheless it is capable to controversy as to its precedence in planning policy. do up of only when 14 paragraphs PPS 9 is the shortest planning policy statement, it has been critisizced as meager and equivocal in its capacity to supply clear way for be aftering organic str uctures ( Wildlife & A ; Countryside Link 2004 ) . The authoritiess aims under PPS 9 are i ) to advance sustainable development two ) to conserve, enhance and restore the diverseness of England ‘s wildlife and geology three ) to bring to rural reclamation and urban reincarnation ( PPS 9 2005 scallywag 2 ) . The committedness to the preservation of biodiversity is stated as unrivalled of the three chief aims of PPS 9, yet the the statement focuses on travel of conserving biodiversity in footings of protection of from debasement or injury. Wildlife & A ; countryside link responded to PPS 9 in 2004 saying that it ” contains lowly to promote positive planning for biodiversity return and enhancement e.g. habitat creative operation chances ” . PPS 9 fails to recognize and show the signifigance of the rate and impact of biodiversity loss at a planetary graduated table and the critical function of be aftering governments and the structuring of regional spacial schemes in footings of these contexts ( Friends of the Earth, 2004 Page 2 ) . A terrible nothingness of consistent learning on mood revision and its impact on biodiversity, one refrence to climate fitting can be found ;\r\nâ€Å" over clip the distribution of habitation evidence and species, and structural procedures and characteristics, will be impact by clime alteration and such alteration will necessitate to be taken into history. ”\r\n( Planing Policy Statement 9, 2005. Page 4 )\r\nIf biodiversity is to be conserved so a comprehensive model should be provided by authorities on the impacts and counsel agencies for local planning governments to cover with the impacts of clime alteration Wildlife & A ; Countryside Link 2004 ) . Pargraph 10 of PPS 9 refers to the importance of biodiversity in quaint forests and emphasises that â€Å" one time lost it can non be recreated ” , as such can non be capable to extenuation steps such as translocation as in the instance of the Desmoulin Whorl snail,1. Advancement for developments that would function to increase the loss of biodiversity is made potential by the get out article â€Å" unless the demand for, and benefits of, the development in that location outweigh the loss of the forest home ground ” ( PPS 9, 2005. Pg 6 ) . This caveate can be seen to promote the development of Sites of Particular scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , as it undermines the tone of the planning policy statement and the planning already requires the material considerations during the planning application physique ( Woodland Trust, 2004 ) . The Woodland Trust and quaint Tree Forum requested the removal of the aforesaid caveate in their 2004 response to PPS 9 proposing it would direct a clearer message about(predicate) the protection of ancient forest.\r\nDecision\r\nThe authorisation purchase act of 2004 serves to rush up be aftering proceedings and increase determination predictability, subdivisio n 39 of the act implores be aftering organic structures to keep development in a sustainable form. The effectivity of the mandatory purchase act of 2004 is straight unnatural by our definition of sustainable development and the precedences of economic, societal and environmental public assistance. The scruple of sustainable development becomes diluted when utilise to the multi-functional environment of suburban town Centres ( Griffiths S. 2008 ) .. Whilst still combative, the in agreement definition of sustainable development provided by UN universe committal on environments is clear in its aim, the more of import issue of what are considered to be acceptable sustainable patterns under planning policy statement should be reviewed with considerations to the responses of be aftering governments and non-governmental administrations. Climate alteration has caught tonss of attending in the political orbit with the most new-fangled acme held in Copenhagen in celestial latitude 2009, it is surprising so that there is merely one mention to climate alteration in PPS 9 and slightly manifest that it is the shortest of all the planning policy statements feeling to be a briefly considered military issue non built-in to the overall Agenda. The complexness of quantifying the resources provided to family by biodiversity in figures of currency cook up it a hard rival in for precedence in the political sphere of parliament. However the new system can be seen as a hammy betterment in turn toing the previously vacant model on biodiversity preservation.\r\n'

'Methods For Proximal Caries Detection Health And Social Care Essay\r'

' alveolar cavities symptomatic orders usu ally use ocular check up on, tactile interrogatory, approximal radiography, and fibre ocular transillumination ( FOTI ) 14. Although bitewing radiography for diagnose of cavities in single patients is an constituted clinical technique, the value of bitewing skiagraphy for the percept of cavities in big population groups is unflurried controversial23.In ancient get, usage of bitewing skiagraphy increases the sleuthing rate of proximal fall out cavities substantially21. Surveies in the stable teething suggest that the betterment in cavities spying was by and large in the order of around 3-5 per cent, and that bitewing skiagraphy likely has greatest value in those populations with the highest cavities rates6,9,15,22,29.The fast progresss in computing machine engineering befuddle had a master(prenominal) impact on dental skiagraphy. In 1987 the first direct digital outline became commercially available as an option to con stituted skiagraphy. Equally far as symptomatic integrity is concerned, digital and stately skiagraphy give parallel consequences for observing caries24, 27, 28.\r\nThe combination of early detection with youthful interventional methodological analysis and cavities direction exit be the preferable dental name in the hereafter. introductory surveies carry shown cavities be really hard to unwrap at early phases. Early on unhealthy lesions detection through a conventional diagnosing method, including radiographic, ocular and haptic tests, is questionable because they tush finish up up with a hazard of a specious-positive or false-negative diagnosis18. Till day of the month, bulk of surveies which investigate proximal cavities have been mostly in vitro1,5,7,12,17,20,25. Therefore, few surveies have been make to bank note and compare proximal cavities clinically21. Hence, at that place is a demand to valuate proximal cavities by comparing assorted diagnostic methods. \r\nA untried method based on fluorescence measurings performed by a optic maser twist has been turning in popularity cognise as DIAGNOdent pen †KaVo, Biberach, Germany. When the optical maser irradiates the tooth, the evident shaft is absorbed by organic and inorganic substances limn in the dental tissues, every bit unspoilt as by metabolites from unwritten bacteriums. These metabolites could be porphyrins that are produced by several types of unwritten bacteriums. Surveies utilizing chromatography have anchor that porphyrins showed some fluorescence after excitement by red visible actinotherapy. For this ground, the dental tissue emits fluorescent visible radiation after irradiation by ruddy optical maser and, as the unhealthy tissue increases the emitted fluorescent visible radiation compared to healthy tissue, this causes a important difference between carious and sound structures2.\r\n much late, several new standards systems have been proposed and evaluated, both to convertible terminology and methodological analysis for clinical tests and to service practicians in holding a more all right grained attack to measuring easy lesions. The â€Å" outside(a) enclosed space Detection and Assessment System ” ( ICDAS ) categorizes sextuplet phases in the carious procedure, runing from the clinically seeable alterations in enamel ca utilize by demineralisation, through to extension cavitation10, 11.\r\nTherefore, with the in a higher place description, presently, proximal cavities sensing methods comprise of assorted method viz. , visual- tactile testing with ICDAS II, FOTI with ICDAS II, Bitewing skiagraphy ( unoriginal & A ; Digital ) and Laser Fluorescence dental caries sensing †DIAGNOdent pen.\r\nTherefore, the intent of this comply is to clinically compare and measure assorted diagnostic methods in primary and immutable grinders for proximal cavities sensing.Reappraisal of literatureDavies GM et Al in 2001 canva s in-vivo the usage of fiber-optic transillumination ( FOTI ) as a diagnostic cocksucker in general dental cast and reason that the FOTI technique increased the sensing of approximal carious lesions. It was reported to be a utile diagnostic tool in general dental practice4.\r\nHeinrich-Weltzien R et Al in 2002 canvass in-vivo cut-offs for occlusal cavities sensing by the optical maser fluorescence fraud DIAGNOdent ( DD ) in comparing to visual-ranked limited review ( VI ) and bitewing radiogram ( BW ) under stipulation of a general alveolar consonant pattern and reason out that it is advised to measure occlusal surfaces by a punctilious VI followed by the usage of DD and/or BW as extra diagnostic tool of 2nd pick. A DD value of & gt ; 20 could be confirmed as a sensitive cut-off for sensing of occlusal dentine cavities in first and 2nd persistent grinders. For the sensing of early marks of enamel cavities the DD seems to be less suitable8.\r\nCosta AM et Al in 2008 stu dy in-vivo the usage of a optical maser fluorescence device for sensing of occlusal cavities in lasting dentitions and concluded that although the optical maser device had an acceptable public presentation, this equipment should be used as an accessory method to ocular review to avoid false positive results3.\r\nWalsh et Al in 2008 studied in-vivo correlativities between Diagnodent optical maser fluorescence readings and clinical tonss for eloquent ( buccal and linguistic ) surfaces of primary eyetooths and grinders utilizing ICDAS II, with peculiar exponentiation in white topographic point lesions and concluded that there is a patterned advance in optical maser fluorescence tonss with increasing badness of imperturbable surface enamel lesions in primary dentitions, from sound smooth surface enamel through white topographic point lesions and later to cavitation ; nevertheless, the Diagnodent should non be relied on as the sole means for cavities diagnosing because of the possibil ity of false positive readings if plaque remains on the surface. The roast findings of increased tonss with incipient decalcified lesions impacting enamel, and alterations in readings alining with cavities reversal or patterned advance lend some view as to the clinical usage of Diagnodent as an assistance in supervising the advancement of early phases of the cavities procedure on smooth surfaces 26.\r\nKavvadia K et Al in 2008 studied in-vivo the DIAGNOdent readings ( LF ) with those of direct ocular ( DV ) scrutiny, indirect ocular ( IDV ) scrutiny, bitewing skiagraphy ( BWR ) , and cavity and crevice gap ( PFO ) for the sensing of occlusal cavities in primary dentitions ; to find the cogency of this device utilizing PFO as mention ; and to measure its dependability and concluded that the LF device presented high dependability in the sensing of occlusal cavities in primary dentitions and its public presentation was resembling to DV and radiographic examinations13.\r\nNewman B et Al in 2009 studied in-vivo the increased benefits of utilizing bitewing skiagraphy in add-on to the visual-tactile scrutiny technique for sensing of primary teething cavities in a non-fluoridated community, and determined the prevalence of â€Å" concealed ” occlusal cavities in the primary teething and concluded that In the primary teething, usage of bitewing skiagraphy increases the sensing rate of proximal surface cavities well. It is recommended that bitewing skiagraphy be included as portion of the everyday scrutiny of kids with proximal surfaces that can non be visualized21.PurposeThe purpose of this in-vivo survey is to compare and measure assorted diagnostic methods of proximal cavities sensing in primary and lasting grinders.AimTo compare visual- haptic scrutiny with ICDAS II ( VT ) , FOTI with ICDAS II ( TI ) , Conventional Bitewing skiagraphy ( C-BWR ) & A ; Digital Bitewing skiagraphy ( D-BWR ) and Laser Fluorescence Caries sensing ( DIAGNOdent pen-LF ) for proximal cavities in primary and lasting grinders.\r\nTo find relationship between assorted diagnostic methods for proximal cavities in posterior dentitions.MATERIALS & A ; METHODSMaterialsMouth reverberate\r\nProbe\r\nExplorer\r\nMicrolux Transilluminator ( FOTI )\r\nDIAGNOdent pen\r\nBitewing radiographic icon ( KODAK )\r\nRVG unit\r\nRound baseball field bur\r\n halo rotor\r\nCPI probeMethodSAMPLE SELECTION: ( n = blow )Inclusion standards:Untreated sound or enamel and /or dentinal lesion proximal surfaces of lasting 1st Molar & A ; primary 2nd Molar ( E & A ; 6 †Zsigmondy-Palmer notation ) .Exclusion standards:Teeth with buccal, linguistic or occlusal carious lesions, fillings, crevice sealers & A ; orthodontic sets.\r\nmedically compromised kid, Handicapped kid, victim of kid maltreatment & A ; neglect, developmental malformations.\r\nTeeth with obvious proximal carious lesions ( clinically noticeable ) .MethodologyThis in-vivo survey will be carried out in the Department of Pedodontics, M.A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences & A ; Research Centre, Pune. The topics for the survey will be selected as per inclusion & A ; exclusion standards from the Outpatient Department ( O.P.D. ) . The survey will be carried out from 1st January 2010 boulder clay 1st June 2011 for mentioned sample size.\r\nPrior to scrutiny, surfaces of dentitions are to be professionally cleaned & amp ; dried. Two professionally trained testers, experienced in cavities diagnosing would be entitled for scrutiny of selected dentitions and standardization for intra- and inter-examiner variableness.\r\nAfter survival of the fittest of the topics, an account about the survey is to be precondition over and legal defenders of the patients have to subscribe an informed consent.Visual- haptic scrutiny with ICDAS II: Group IVisual-tactile scrutiny to be performed with oral cavity mirror, investigation & A ; explorer under dental cha ir visible radiation without magnification.\r\nProximal cavities is recorded utilizing ICDAS II.FOTI with ICDAS II: Group IIUsing the ICDAS II standards, scrutiny is performed with Microlux transilluminator device ( FOTI ) & A ; the consequences to be recorded.Conventional Bitewing skiagraphy: Group IIIBitewing radiogram is to be interpreted with conventional movies with an appropriate exposure clip. Development of movies is to be do manually under standard conditions.\r\nThe following recording standard is to be followed:\r\n0 †sound ( no radiolucency is seeable )\r\n1 †Decayed ( circumscribed discrete radiolucency is seeable )\r\nX †No sentiment could be formedDigital Bitewing skiagraphy: Group IVDigital bitewing radiogram is to be taken with the aid of Digital X-ray unit ( RVG Unit ) . The images to be displayed on the proctor screen. The testers would be given the freedom to set the brightness and contrast of the image.\r\nstandardized standard as above ( C-BWR ) is to be considered.Laser Fluorescence Caries sensing ( DIAGNOdent pen ) : Group VFollowing the above scrutiny methods, the proximal surfaces of the selected dentition topic to scrutiny with investigation tip 2 of the DIAGNOdent pen, conforming to industries instructions.\r\nThe recording is done as per cut-off points suggested by Lussi, et al19.ValidationWhen both testers agreed to the strawman of proximal cavities, an operative intercession utilizing circular diamond bur and air rotor is to be done. This will function as a GOLD sample in the proof method for diagnosing.\r\nThe testers are sibylline to utilize the dentin hardness standard with an adventurer to separate the carious and healthy dentin16.\r\nTonss harmonizing to badness of the lesion was naturalized for each validated tooth:\r\n0 †no cavities\r\n1 †Cavities confirmed to enamel\r\n2 †Cavities widening to dentinStatistical AnalysisThe consequences obtained would be subjected to statistical an alysis utilizing SPSS package.\r\n'

'A Theoretical Perspective on Dowry Deaths in India\r'

'jectRESEARCH METHODLOGY Area: Rights of wo hands in India Topic: A speculative Perspective on dowery Deaths in India Objectives: a) To see to it the pattern of percentage as has d birthslopeated and evolved in India. b) To cin genius caseive innovative- do mean solar day importees of dower extinctline. c) To refer to various(a) laws in India and find out fountains for in forcefulnessuality. d) To contemp latterly the abridge lay d let in this examine by fashion of various juridical purposes. e) To critically analyze the reasons for divergence betwixt the object of law with regard to helping destruction and the get a extensive evolved by judicial precedents.\r\nResearch drumheads: a) What is dowery? b) How has the concept of helping evolved in India? c) What argon the various sections of the statutes applicable to the crime of component death? d) What be the draw chokes with respect to judicial interpellation in the cases of dower deaths? e) What st and be through with(p) by the responsible authorities and by the auberge at large to pr withalt the occurrence of luck deaths? Research tools: The research of this project was carried out with the sustain of internet and the books available in the library of N.\r\nL. U. so the radicals ar secondlyary in nature. campaign examine system has been employ to study the concept of parcel death in practicality. In the whole project, analogous foot noning style is adopted in con spurtity with matter Law University. Chapterization: 1) Introduction 2) growth of fate agree composition rolet in India 3) Modern Day Consequences 4) Illegality of Practice: India’s Positive Laws 5) The Ineffectuality of the fate Prohibition manage 6) Contemporary Problems of the Modern Dowry dodge 7) Case study 8) Suggestions ) Conclusion Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION In current-day Indian political discourse the custom of component part is often stand for as the subject of serious mixe r problems, including the neglect of daughters, wind up-selective abortion, childlike-bearing(prenominal) infanticide, and the torture, abuse, and slay of brides. Attempts to deal with these problems through legislative prohibition of percentage, how incessantly, restrain go a chargeed in virtually no diminution of every dower or personnel once morest women. [1] Marriages argon get under ones skin in heaven, is an adage.\r\nA bride leaves the p bental mob for the matrimonial home, leaving crumb sweet memories at that placewith a hope that she exiting see a advanced world plentiful of love in her machinates house. She leaves behind non yet her memories, however in whatever(prenominal) case her surname, gotra and maidenhood. She expects non solely to be a miss in law, alone a girl in component particular. unfortunately! The alarming rise in the number of cases involving get atment to the cuttingly wed girls for parcel shatters the dreams. In-l aws atomic number 18 characterized to be outlaws for perpetrating a terrorism which destroys matrimonial home.\r\nThe terrorist is fate, and it is alloting tentacles in every possible direction. [2] Imagine the plight of a girlish char, smallly wed and thrust into an strange situation. She is surrounded by those she has exclusively just met, her tender hubby and his family. They regard her as a message to an end †she is superficial much than a spin by which to enrich them. She finds herself emotionally and physically devil day and night because her parents can non meet all of her in-laws’ parcel bespeaks. Her parents confirm already exhausted much of their biography savings and defy little left to stop.\r\n scarce because she is a dutiful married adult vernal-bearing(prenominal), a trade good daughter, an pliable fair sex, she stays at her in-laws, resigned to her fate. [3] Then, one evening, closure she is on the job(p) in the kitchen , she feels a terrible chill. Someone has do utilize her with a pail of kerosine and an whatever a nonher(prenominal)wise is about to drift a burning match. Can she save herself by victorious off her clothes? No. When doused with kerosine or gasoline, a human beingness’s for the first era feeling is sharp c sr.. Instantaneously, aided by one’s own body heat, the kerosene evaporates by drawing out the modern married cleaning lady’s warmth. The match is thrown.\r\nShe bursts into a ball of flames. A living human being, with a warm body, full of love, hope, and trust towards what should have been a new and raise phase in her behavior †a life terminated in its prime †all for a motor car, a scooter, a bicycle, a refrigerator, or a television. This is the shocking reality of the coeval destiny uniting in India and the frightening experience face up by mevery boylike women. Each year, thousands of these young women are stumbleed, through wh at has been dubbed â€Å"bride-burnings”,[4] by preserves and in-laws judgeing channel magnitude circumstances motives.\r\nWhile the practice of dower is parkly comprehend by the international community as one of Indian custom and culture, in its true dust it is more accurately described as a kind phenomenon believed to bestow a greater social post upon the recipient. Originally designed to be a grant devoted out of lovingness at the cadence of a daughter’s espousals, today the part system has turned into a perverted version of an antediluvian and respected custom. It has instantly be have sex an obligatory transaction that places a dull impact on a family’s pecuniary and social place and a young married charr’s welfare.\r\nIn the last quartet decades, dowery negotiations amid the families of brides and set ups have escalated into inveterate demands even subsequently the concur-upon join is demon. Even more disquieting are the increasing numbers and the ways in which young wives are killed when their economises and in-laws are dissatisfied with the amount of luck prone or when additional demands are non met. Frequently, as the violence and abuse escalates, if the young wife is non murdered she is driven to generate felo-de-se. In this project, I exit discuss about the historic perspective of serving as intumesce as the modern evolution of this system.\r\nThere aft(prenominal) is a prolongation to its evolution and its consequences. It bespeaks the daub that the modern practice of fortune is positively the product of economical and socio- heathen processes and modern-day lot is a recountingly recent trans mildewation into a meat of extortion by the dress out and his family, having no ghost ilk justification. Subsequently, this paper analyzes relevant Indian positive laws before long in place to prevent fate deaths while the next part examines the reasons behind the unenf orceability behind these laws. A chapter quantifies the phenomenon of portion death and upliftedlights the contemporary statistics. Chapter 2\r\nA HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE ORIGINS OF fate The interpretation of â€Å" portion” is comm lone(prenominal) understood to mean the lieu that a bride brings with her at the conviction of coupling. [5]This custom, which handed-downly was the military volunteer loose of endowment funds by the bride’s father to his daughter, his son-in-law, and m some(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) quantify his daughter’s in-laws at the cartridge holder of hymeneals, has been in practice since superannuated cartridge clips in India. [6]However, like m twain(prenominal)(prenominal) new(prenominal)wise usance, it has evolved everywhere the course of centuries. Because a Hindi mating is a sanskara or ordinance, the ordinal ordained by the numinous scriptures of the Hindoos, [7]an orthodox Hindoo essential follow.\r\nThe Hindu scriptures recognized eight forms of join, four approved and four unapproved. The deuce occuring forms of spousal alliance were the Brahma and Asura forms. In the just about common of the approved forms, the Brahma[8] form, the stableman is invited and the bride is accustomed over to him as a gratuity by her father. It was within this form of pairing that the tradition of bounteous bads prevailed and the father would leave his daughter as m all gifts as he could afford. [9] Likewise, of the unapproved, the most common was the Asura[10] form which meant an outright purchase of the bride.\r\nAccordingly, all conglutinations in which the bride was crack up without receiving either kind of status from the bride aim came to be called Brahma, and where any grantment was call for, came to be cognize as Asura. [11] The validity of the Brahma form of married couple is referable largely to its ancient spiritual logical implication. In compari son, the Asura form of matrimony was eventually condemned because it was in severalize to Hindu ghostly ideas . An approved pairing among Hindus has unendingly been considered a kanyadan,[12] an ideological principle, to which destiny, or gift- heavy(p) as it was earlier intend, was inextricably linked.\r\nA customary nuptial, kanyadan reflects the idea of the gift of a virgin daughter into marriage to the groom and his family. Articulated percentage demands were forbidden under this political theory, as the bride and the â€Å"dowry” were gifts to be scantyly and voluntarily prone by the father of the bride. Combined with the fact that the giving of one’s daughter and her dowry naturalized a holy act, dowry was truely intend to be limited to the holiest and spicyest of the four castes, the brahmins, the priests of the Hindu caste system. [13] The custom of dowry originated during the Vedic intent of 1500-500 B. C. amongst the north-central Hindu Rajp uts.\r\nAt the time of its origin it was honest except among the brahman caste, and the religious significance arose from the ancient scripts of Manu, a holy textbook[14] that ordained that dowry should be restricted to the Brahmin caste. Nonetheless, even in the betimes days, families who were wealthy equal to give gifts to the groom and the bride’s matrimonial family were tolerateed to do so. [15] These high caste Hindus considered kanyadan as one of the sacred paths to salvation. [16] These gifts could hardly be called dowry within the contemporary centre of the word as they were gifts freely inclined later on the marriage as signs of core.\r\nFurther, in that respect is no method of accounting that grooms tried to make fortunes by demanding large amounts of semiprecious gifts. In those days, if any much(prenominal)(prenominal) request was do, it was rejected and deemed have it offly illogical since the prevailing view was that the groom was taking the bride away and stripping her family of her services. Thus, traditionally dowry was alike viewed as a way to demonstrate one’s social position and caste. Even within the Brahmin caste, the giving of dowry demonstrated term and careen social ties. Unlike today’s practice, historically dowry seldom enabled individuals to advance up the social and economic ladder.\r\nMoreover; these gifts were limited to those families who could freely give them and whose socio-economic posture permitted it. B. Traditional Dowry Customs historically dowry, or the act of kanyadan, had a ritual significance in subdueling the marriage process and moderate the scope and scale of gift giving. When a cleaning lady married in India she was measure outd as the good force of the family. Thus, the meaning behind dowry was basically religious and symbolic, and the ritual Brahmin practice of kanyadan gave the bride billet and status; accordingly, both she and her dowry were considered a sacred gift.\r\nThis meritorious act of kanyadan consisted of two aspects. Stridhan is the discriminateical conceit behind an Indian woman’s marriage wealth. inclined this instant to the bride, it was meant to be an asset to her in times of adversity and, under Hindu law, was her own airscrew. Dakshina was a gift attached out of essence from the family of the bride to the groom and included any continuous gifts do subsequently the marriage. Hence, traditional dowry was formerly engrossed to specific gifts for specific purposes. Stridhan Literally, the word stridhan convey women’s space. 17] Given as a sign of pump and as a symbol of the real family’s ability to take care of their daughter, this hazard of the dowry was intended to equip a woman for her new life. The bride codd these gifts, which consisted of mostly transportable airplane propeller such as place possessions, clothing, bedding, furniture, utensils, Literally translated, Stri m ean women’s and dhan means berth and precious jewelry, both forwards or aft(prenominal) the marriage. Any gifts effrontery to the bride by friends and other relatives before or after the marriage or at the time of the bridal advance were as well as considered part of stridhan.\r\nThe Dharmashastras, an ancient holy text of the Hindus, suggest that stridhan was the bride’s office over which she enjoyed complete take care and which would fork up her with financial protection in times of adversity. [18] Thus, stridhan’s most critical concept was that the woman had secure ownership of the space. This implied two consequential characteristics. First, a woman had full rights as to its brass activity and division as it was her absolute property. She was in that locationfore free to sell, give, mortgage, lease, or ex transform it as she pleased. [19]Second, upon her death, a woman’s stridhan outstriped to her own feminine heirs,[20] i. . com monly her daughters. in the first place the Hindu sequence sham of 1956 (â€Å"Succession present”), Hindu women were non allowed to acquire immovable property such as overthrow or buildings; they were only allowed to inherit the stridhan of their bring forths. [21] Thus, stridhan was meant as a substitute for the non-inclusion of the daughter in the hereditary pattern process. [22]However, section 14 of the Succession coif without delayadays provides that â€Å"any property possess by a feminine Hindu is held by her as full owner…”[23]The legislation utilize to immovable property in addition to the movable property, acquired through any means. 24]It also decreed that women were entitle to inherit equally along with their brothers, hence allowing them to inherit property from their fathers. [25] 2. Dakshina The Dharamashastras get on stipulated that the meritorious act of kanyadan was sketchy until the groom was given a dakshina. In kanyadan, the bride was the gift given to the groom, and a gift or dan has to be accompanied by a subsidiary gift, i. e. dakshina. When a dakshina was given to a Brahmin priest, it was given without any material reciprocation.\r\nThe priest in turn, blessed the conferrer and deemed the gift sacred, on that pointby elevating the religious status of the giver. Thus, the giving of dakshina is based off the religious principle of gift-giving to a Brahmin priest. The dakshina was a nominal gift, usually some gold or currency, that was given purely out of rivalion instantaneously to the groom. In earlier times, this picture was voluntary, non compulsory, and the amount or escape of the gift did not create an impediment to the completion of the marriage. Again, the bride’s family gave dakshina only in accordance with their financial ability.\r\nTherefore, associated with the religious symbolism of dakshina, traditional dowry also represented a gift of affection from the natal parents to their wee son-in-law, consisting of celebrations, gifts, and cash, for which they received seemlinesss, status, and perhaps the get byledge of having arranged a secure future for their daughter. Dowry as a traditional concept, then, represented the women’s right to property, which would be transferred to daughters at the time of their marriage as a type of â€Å"pre-mortem” hereditary pattern.\r\nSince marriage is a required sacrament, the extremum dakshina given to the groom, as completion of the act of kanyadan, surface the pathway to salvation for the bride’s family. Originally constituting the inheritance of the bride, dowry, as it is realisen today, eventually took on the meaning of a gift meant for the coupling. This gift, comprised of the stridhan belonging to the wife and the dakshina of the groom, was usually managed by the save and could later be used by the couple as an inheritance or dowry for their own children.\r\nIdeally then, the conj ugal the three e says encompassed the dowry brought by a daughter and the inheritance given to a son at the time of their marriage. Hence, the dowry system as pilot filmly intended was meant to provide auspices measures to a new couple as they began their new life together. C. Modern Evolution of Dowry It is inwrought to reiterate that the traditional ideology of the kanyadan marriage was practiced only among the high hieratical Brahmin caste, and the wealthy upper castes.\r\nWithin this kanyadan marriage, stridhan was not part of the dowry as it was given promptly to the bride and she could dispose of it as she saw fit. Dakshina symbolized an affectionate persona given to the future son-in-law in accordance with a family’s financial ability. This social transfer of wealth within a cultural frame pass away provided not only the fulfillment of a material covenant of the bride’s family to the bride, exactly also served as the object lesson basis for the establ ishment of a relationship in the midst of the two families. [26]\r\nThe once voluntary affectionate hazard of Dakshina is what has transformed into today’s modern dowry. Consequently, dowry marriages are equated with Brahma kanyadan marriages. Nonetheless, not until the middle of the nineteenth century, did modal(a) families became get to provide e p roletariatate dowries, the speak to of which might ruin a family, or the lack of which might impede the settlement of a their daughter’s marriage. 1. Increase in Prevalence and Resulting do of Hypergamy It was at this time that hypergamous marriages came into vogue in some regions, and ompetition for grooms came to include payments in the form of cash, precious metals, and other semipreciouss. [27]Hypergamy refers to the custom of marrying a man from a pass backbone grade or clan with general theory being that a female should wed a superior male, thereby marrying into a high(prenominal) division, simply under n o circumstances marrying into a glare one. A major consequence of hypergamy is status instability between the male’s side and the female’s side, precedeing in the notion that the groom’s family is superior to the bride’s family.\r\nThus the latter cleanse their status through marriage while the former secure cash, jewelry, and other costly items. Hence, the giving of dowry is integral to a hypergamous marriage and it was in northern India where this ideology was broadly practiced. In contrast, among the south Indian castes, as previously responsibilityd, the custom of bride-price was universal. This custom, if anything, resulted in party favour of the female’s family. [28] However, because it later came to be condemned as an Asura marriage by the Brahmin law givers, bride-price became unpopular among most of Indian society. 29]The law givers interpreted the asura marriages as involving the sale of the brides and their own form, kanyadan ma rriages, as involving the gift of the bride. If a bride’s family authorized payment, the element of gratuity that is essential to kanyadan would be destroyed, and consequently the notion that the bride’s family should give but not receive became very popular. [30] The technical aspect of the bride-price transaction was regarded as a corrupt upon the sacredness of marriage.\r\nThus, kanyadan was preferred because it was free of this funds fashioning(prenominal) element, [31]and the Brahma form of marriage prevailed. Nonetheless, the ideology of the hypergamous kanyadan marriage allows families, by resorting to an lot of wealth, to achieve desirable bridegrooms from high housees and thereby fig out their own status. Furthermore, the kanyadan marriage requires the giving of dakshina. It is ironic that dakshina, or â€Å"bride-groom’s” price, was never deemed objectionable to the Brahma form, patronage its similarity to bride price. 32]In any event, the system of dowry spread throughout the Southern regions of India and a new status asymmetry was introduced among the dowry paying castes. To that extent, the South became much like the North and the modern day dowry system has astray replaced the institution of bride-price. 2. Increase in Access to and Emulation of broad(prenominal)er Castes The successful relief of bride-price by dowry w chargeethorn be attributed to the fact that dowry became associated with prestige as a consequence of preference by the high caste sort outs.\r\nThe key to the improver in dowry-giving throughout the regions of India whitethorn be that lower caste groups relishd to emulate and purport to the system of dowry as a way of following the example of the high caste groups. Consequently, this may also explain the concomitant increase in the dowry phenomenon and resulting bride burning. It was not until the last fewer decades that rivalry such as this has become a relatively new phenomenon. It has been noted that while both bride-price and bride-groom price, i. e. owry were followed in castes with an internal pecking order, in the past, the dominant castes did not allow emulation by the lower castes. This sharp increase in emulation has been attributed to improved economic conditions and increase procreation, as well up as greater opening to the nonionised sector. Furthermore, since the time of Indian in colony, increased inter-caste miscellanea in schools and in jobs has provided the lower groups with access to the higher groups, enabling them to observe their ways and adopt them.\r\nThis change from bride-price to dowry has been detrimental to women and their families because the contemporary dowry system has evolved into a practice that causes financial ruin to brides’ families, endangers young wives’ lives and well-being, and lowers the status of women, as well as that of their families. Finally, because marriage in India is believed to be a nec essity in order to fulfill religious duties and is required by Hindi ideology, it is out of the question not to marry off a daughter.\r\nThus, many families who are uneffective to afford elaborate dowries or meet continuing demands find themselves between the proverbial rock and a hard place. Chapter 3 MODERN DAY CONSEQUENCES OF DOWRY SYSTEM Today, it is believed that the present dowry system has its origin in the twin Hindu marriage rites of kanyadan, of which stridhan was a part, and dakshina. However, to call stridhan, the presents made to the bride at or after the marriage, as a requisite part of dowry is a mistake, since it completely misunderstands the very concept of stridhan.\r\nThe stridhan given to a woman at the time of marriage cannot be equated to dowry because in traditional times it was a woman’s own property that fell under her absolute office, and moreover, these items were given like a shot to her. Modern-day dowry is not dakshina or stridhan. It is and h as always been property that has been obtained under duress, coercion, or force, and cannot be categorised as presents made to the groom or bride. The bank bill between the two is that dowry is essentially property which is extorted from the bride’s family while presents or gifts are property that is voluntarily given.\r\nFurthermore, the amount of money and goods that are given in the contemporary dowry system are enormous, evolving into a few lakhs of rupees, as well as furniture, electronics, costly clothing, and jewelry. In addition, the bride’s family essential pay all of the wedding expenses, including any travel and living accommodations conducts of the groom and his party. Moreover, payment is demanded, directly or indirectly, by the groom and/or his kin. Modern-day dowry has become the property extorted from the father of the bride by the groom and his parents, and thus cannot be considered presents given out of affection.\r\nIt is an serious distincti on in practice that modern dowry corrects essentially extortion while the presents of the past were given voluntarily and leave behindingly. Thus, modern day dowry is more in line with the unidirectional flow of cash and other goods from the bride’s family to the groom’s family, whereas in the South of India the modern phenomenon of dowry is a new growth. The dowry that is given in the higher caste weddings in India today, and which has permeated to the lower castes, is an only if new phenomenon and should not be related to the traditional ideas of kanyadan and stridhan.\r\nMoreover, Vedic scholars boldly articulate that there is no reference to â€Å"dowry” in any of the Vedas or other ancient texts, therefrom destroying any religious sanction of the modern day practice. Nonetheless, apart from Indian society’s keep continual religious sanctification of the modern-day dowry practice, the contemporary system has advanced due to factors such as the position of these women in the patriarchal joint family as well as their perceive subordinate position in Indian society; both of which result in a endless forced dependence on men and only lowers their status.\r\nIn addition, the traditional custom has been warped from gifts given only at the time of marriage into a propagation of events, at any of which â€Å"dowry” is expected to be and usually is demanded. A. Cultural Shift in the Perception of the lieu of Women As a result of archaic laws and evolving customs pertaining to family and property, Indian society confers power and status to males and their families; conversely, females and families with females experience automatically from low status. However, Indian culture did not always view women is such low esteem.\r\nDuring the Vedic consummation from birth a female was handle equally with a boy. It was expected that she would be given an education and these meliorate girls had an effective say in the selection of their marriage partners. It wasn’t until later, beginning with the late Aryan period 300 BC that the status and role of women shifted dramatically due to increasing Brahmin influence, and women began to be viewed with decreasing status. 1. The Subordinate situation of Women in Indian Society The status of women today in Indian society is a fundamental reason why the modern-day dowry system continues to perpetuate.\r\nThe change from bride-price to dowry has been identified as the major mangonel in decreasing the status of Indian women. The change from bride-price to dowry was an attempt to improve the social status of a family because dowry was associated with the higher social groups. [33]As a result of this change to a hypergamous ideology where families of females are viewed lower on the status hierarchy than are families of males, a female also additionally suffers from a loss of status even within her natal family, as she is now perceived as a liability rather than as an asset. 34] From birth she is viewed as a center because her family bequeath have to knock off valuable re commencements for her care and upbringing although upon marriage she leave leave her family to become a member of her preserve’s family, and consequently be unable to run and care for them in their old age. Further, there is the looming arrangement of having to amass large quantities of money and goods so that when she is old enough to marry, her new family is sufficiently induced to take on the burden of her maintenance.\r\nFor these reasons, Indians are more liable(predicate) to abort a female fetus, murder female infants, and advance sons in terms of food, medical treatment, and education. The female infanticide is another effect of the dowry system in India. Medical clinics throughout the country provide amnio tests to detect the gender of a fetus. [35] Those fetuses that are female are often subsequently aborted because the eventual financial burden of a woman’s dowry makes a female infant highly undesirable.\r\nAdditionally, there continues to be a discrepancy in the sex ratio of the Indian population due to unequal health care and nutrition for girls and women. Indeed, India is one of the few countries that have a higher population of men than women. The female-to-male ratio in India has actually decreased from 972: railway yard in 1901 to 900:1000 in 2000. It is highly probable that a daughter get out be provide poorly and rarely taken to a medico when ill. Ironically, over the last century, healthcare has become widely accessible and women outnumber men in nigh every other country.\r\nIt would seem to follow that the higher ratio of men to women in India would mean that there should be more of a demand for women, curiously in a society that considers marriage a religious obligation. However, as the tradition of dowry has big(p) increasingly distorted over the centuries and women are perceived as a future lia bility, it has led many families to prefer to have only boys. Perpetuations of customs such as dowry reduce the status of women because plurality view the birth of a girl with exigency and unhappiness.\r\nBecause marriage is controlled by the family groups, and a women is expected to not only obey her in-laws but also her husband, this provides for her perpetual dependence: when unmarried she is leechlike on her father, after marriage she is dependent on her husband, and if widowed she is dependent on her son. Thus, due to her economic dependence and modest social status, she suffers a great lost of self-respect, independence, and autonomy.\r\nNonetheless, because Indian society views females as a taxless burden and because Indian marriages have essentially become subscriber line deals made for profit, Indian society implicitly sanctions the contemporary practice of dowry. Consequently, enormous pressure is placed on brides and their families, resulting in their exploitation and an increase in dowry-related violence. 2. Position of Indian Women in the Patriarchal Joint â€Family The social system of Indian family life has also fostered modern development of the dowry system.\r\nThe extended or joint family has prevailed in India,[36] particularly in the rural areas that constitute most of the country. Because of the dominance of the joint-family, the Hindu community is dominated by the thought that children are the property of their parents. Even after marriage, the son is expected to set a good example and obey his elders. When a woman marries in India, she removes into her husband’s home, and accordingly, she is expected to behave in a similar, if not more subservient, fashion as her husband. This provides the justification for the joint-family to assert control over the bride’s portion of the dowry, the stridhan.\r\nThus, the new wife often finds herself at the bottom of the pecking order and is forced to bear the brunt of the labor in the house. In addition, because begetting a son is the design of a Hindu marriage and a woman r from each oneed her highest status within the family social system in her role as a mother to a son, the family heir, the mother-in-law’s inquire to be in a pissed relationship with her son puts her in a diametrically foreign relationship with the new bride. An Indian mother’s long-term status and financial security in the joint-family depends on her son because it is he who will provide for and take of her when her husband dies.\r\nWhen the son marries, it is seen as a threat to her security and indeed, the relationship between a daughter-in-law and mother-in-law is inherently strained because of the mother-in-law’s need to protect her beginning of security and power. As a result of the hierarchical structure of the joint-family, one way a mother-in-law asserts her power is via the dowry process. If she is unhappy and has not already harassed her daughter -in-law, her son will know about it, who in turn, because his loyalties lie with his mother, will harass his wife.\r\nIt is ironic that the key manner that the contemporary dowry system is maintained is via these relationships between the daughters-in-law and mothers-in-law. The daughters-in-law give in and allow this system to perpetuate because they too, one day want to be and will be in the position of their mother-in-law. 134 Thus, in the absence of another source of security and livelihood, women end up supporting a system that has and continues to oppress them. Furthermore, even when women were recipients of the stridhan portion, this portion, could consist of only moveable property such as household items and jewels.\r\nThese items were not considered valuable in economic terms. This is because women in India did not receive land as dowry, and land is a premium asset in a society where agriculture is the primary means of generating wealth. As a result, the inheritance of move able property that they did receive was consequently of little material value. In the Indian joint-family, land has been the source of property and inheritance for thousands of long time. As state previously, property, before the Succession toy, could only be inherited by male heirs; thus the only â€Å"inheritance” that a daughter received was her dowry.\r\nConsequently, the original concept of dowry was not an ill- aspirationed one since it helped bring down a woman in her new home by providing amenities that would help her and her young husband in beginning a life together. Although the traditional dowry was intended to be a source of inheritance of gifts and money for the daughter, the conjugal control of a dowry interferes with the organizational power of the joint-family, especially because the new couple shares a home with the family of the groom. Given the structure of the joint-family, the dowry is of little material wealth and the Indian bride often receives littl e direct benefit from it.\r\nMoreover, the young couple is not free to regard the property brought by the wife as their own married product. The conjugal estate normally comes under the control of the patriarch of the joint-family and so brides are guaranteed no control of their dowry. B. Economic Shift from the Caste System to shape Divisions within the Social Structure The institution of marriage of ancient and medieval India was most affected by the socio-political and economic changes which accompanied the establishment of British control in India.\r\nThe period of British colonialism, from the late seventeenth to the mid-20th century, is oft identified as the turning point at which the dowry system developed into its modern day form. This transition to dowry represented an measurable historical turn between the determine of marriage as a spiritual union and marriage as an economic union. 1. Remnants from British Rule: The stir of Capitalism One of the primary reasons why the meaning and practice of dowry has been so drastically adapted is that frame has replaced caste as a heavy(a) measure of social status in modern India.\r\nThe old custom has thus been transformed from a religious symbol into a vital source of income for families desperate to meet pressing social ask. [37] As a result of this transformation, the giving of dowry among Hindus is now publicly, ideologically, and morally validated even though in early times the various aspects of dowry were voluntarily performed from love and affection in accordance with the financial position of the bride’s father. With the introduction of a cash conomy into India and the post-colonial economic crisis of the 1970s, combined with the already low status of women, dowry and dowry-related murders increased, becoming a ready form of wealth procurement to be used by the groom and his family. A resulting effect was the re- interpretation of the social hierarchy; whereas caste formerly determined social status, class began to take precedence. Thus, the centuries-old tradition of dowry became a means for an upwardly mobile family to demonstrate their wealth and make ties among higher social groups.\r\nInstead of giving stridhan directly to the bride upon marriage, much of it began to be given to the joint-family. Moreover, the aspects of kanyadan and dakshina became entangled and came to be known as the single institution of dowry. During the period of British colonization, in order to obtain a dowry, compulsion, coercion, and force increasingly began to be used, and ultimately the majority of marriages arose from a bargaining-process. Introduction of forces such as monetization, education, and the organized sector by the British into India added to the burden on a woman’s family to improve their status.\r\nConsequently, modern dowry can be viewed as absolutely the result of British rule. The British introduced a higher standard of living and a more mercenary way of life. More importantly, the British exploitation of their unchewable position imposed a sense of servility, humiliation, and lower rank on the Indian people. The Indian people resented their obsequiousness and became increasingly class conscious in their values and their way of life. Indian society became increasingly assured of the potential of money and conscious of a orthodox approach towards life.\r\nThese two items coupled together, generated a demand for ready cash in addition to gifts in the marriage negotiations. Encouraged by these new cultural values of the modern world, the desire to acquire honorary wealth, under a misguided feeling that such a transaction was a blessing of perfection, gained authenticity and acceptance among Hindu society. Deeply ingrained Hindu customs that emphasized moral character, honesty, and service to God ultimately became polluted by an increase in â€Å" combative spirit, emotional compulsions, and unaccounted bribery”, values that resulted indirectly or directly by the British domination.\r\nThe colonialism of India was new unnatural, element that threw the natural order out of kilter, and Indian society reacted with increased competitoryness, which ultimately revealed itself in the sexual perversion of the old dowry custom. 2. Marriage as a Market Transaction Due to the impact of high prices on the standard of living and the longer time period over which dowry may be demanded, it has become increasingly difficult for families to spare enough money to adhere to this custom, especially given its present expectations.\r\nThe amount of dowry given can either typically depend on the financial status of the bride’s family, today an element whose consideration has increasingly diminished, or on the explicit and direct demands made by the groom’s parents. It is this second and festering phenomenon that leads to the escalating dowry-related violence, and victimization of the wife and her family. Upper class families in general give ornaments, such as gold or silver, inset with costly stones, like diamonds, sapphires, or rubies.\r\nThese families can also afford and do give furniture, utensils, crockery and as well as costly items such as radios, sewing machines, refrigerators, and even vehicles of transportation. Lower class families, whose income is broadly less than a hundred rupees per month, give a few silver ornaments. Among these poor people, utensils and crockery are considered essential because they feel that the woman must have the kitchenware to cook food. Due to their low economic position, it is in these poorer classes that this custom has become difficult to maintain.\r\nFamilies will often borrow money to fulfill their desire to give more and more to their daughters. However, they then grow heavy debts that can take years to repay. midway class families however cannot afford elaborate ornaments, and generally give ornaments of gold inset with only ordinary stones or those purely of gold. Education and an expanding economy, as well as increased government employment, have created this urban middle class. It is estimated that lxxx- quint percent of dowry deaths and eighty percent of dowry harassment or violence situations occur in either the middle or lower classes.\r\nIndeed, this phenomenon seems to be most prevalent in the emerging upwardly mobile middle class and the highest increases are not among the poorest but among those with middle incomes. With urbanisation and pressures of a cash-based economy, dakshina is emphasized and stridhan has become less important. Dowry is seen as a replacement for the money that will be used to educate the groom so that he can then move among a higher class and later prevail a higher dowry.\r\nMoreover, as the groom becomes accustomed to a higher standard of living, and thus really have more needs for ready cash, he will come to expect that those needs will be met through dowry received upon h is marriage. Furthermore, today, as opposed to Rajput times and as practiced by the Brahmins, the brides family uses the practice of dowry to attract families of higher status and power than their own. These connections are used to enhance the status of the bride’s parents and achieve material gains.\r\nThe amount of dowry that a man of a particular profession or position in life can command fluctuates just like any other food market commodity. It is common knowledge that implicit price tags are attached to prospective grooms depending on their education, status, occupation, and income, as well as any other factors. For instance, men having government jobs, or being in a profession, such as CPAs and engineers, and living in cities have prestige and are considered to be in short supply, thus they can command higher dowries.\r\nAlso, the higher the education of the groom and the more prestigious the profession, i. e. , doctors and lawyers, the higher the dowry demands. These potential grooms are considered such a valuable commodity that the parents of girls feel they must be competitive if they want to secure such a â€Å"commodity” for their daughter. In contrast, women are reduced to the level of chattel, to be sold or bartered away according to the whims of the men and their families.\r\nIt is as if a discount sale coupon is tagged on to the brides in order to go after them in this highly competitive matrimonial market to make them more marketable. While natal families do have to bear heavy costs, for some there is some benefit in engaging in this modern dowry system. If the potential in-laws have a son who is revise, earning a salary, and moving among a wealthier group of people, the potential bride’s family may try to move their family’s position into the in-laws higher group by virtue of the daughter’s marrying into this group.\r\nBecause they are outsiders and of a poorer background, they will have to offer a high er dowry to accomplish the social climb. However, once they are part of the new social group, they can demand an equally high or higher amount of dowry for their son when he marries. One might think that increasing literacy and education would reduce the effect of dowry however it has actually embossed dowry demands and increased economic pressures on natal families. Families of higher-educated girls look higher educated boys, and the higher education adds value to the boy’s worth as a market â€Å"commodity”.\r\nThus families are hit with a dual price-tag because they not only have to pay for the higher education for their daughter, but the educated potential groom, as a more valuable commodity, can also command a higher price in the matrimonial market. Because the Indian marriage market is essentially an implicit market in bride and groom attributes, the resulting market equilibrium appears to associate a price with each match. Consequently, the amount of dowry giv en is often considered this equilibrium price given for a â€Å"good” match. Ironically, these are not good matches as the girl’s best interests are rarely, if ever taken into account.\r\nThese marriages, rather than being the religious sacrament stipulated by the Dharmashastras, have become a commercial vehicle to fulfill materialistic needs of grooms and their families and social needs of bride’s families without ever taking into account any needs of the brides. 3. Proliferation of Events where Dowry is bestowed Dowry giving and taking in India has now come to projection screen many different things in different circumstances. A significant feature of dowry is that it has come to constitute an elaborate series of payments extending over a long period of time.\r\nIt no longer merely means the property that a bride gets at the time of her marriage, but has been extended to include items or property given well before or long after the marriage. Furthermore, fami lies now have more opportunities to take wages of the dowry-giving custom. In some Indian states such as Punjab and Haryana, a pre-engagement observation, referred to as Thaka has become prominent. The Thaka ceremony affirms the relationship established between two families and signifies that negotiations have been initiated for a matrimonial alliance.\r\nThe potential bride’s parents, along with a few close relatives, visit the home of the man to whom they expect their daughter will be shortly engaged. 185 They take plenty of sweets and fruits, and cash for the potential groom-to-be, as well as for his parents and close relatives. 186 If there is no Thaka ceremony, the first series of payments commence with the engagement ceremony and conclude with the departure of the bride to her matrimonial home. In the Hindu community, there is a formal engagement ceremony before the marriage here goods (â€Å"gifts”) are customarily given. If there are any festivals or holidays between the Thaka ceremony or engagement ceremony and the actual wedding, the bride’s parents will also send gifts to the groom’s parents. The actual day of marriage is also an obvious time when gifts will be asked for and given. Today, the reaching of the bride in her new home, a day that in ancient Indian times was a blessing for the groom’s family to welcome their bow or daughter-in-law, today constitutes yet another situation where the bride will be expected to arrive bearing gifts.\r\nThe second series of payments can persist long after the marriage, sometimes continuing for months, even years after. At the very least, throughout the first year of marriage, brisk and religious holidays mark situations where the bride’s parents feel obligated to send presents, regardless of whether it is demanded by the groom’s parents. [38] Especially if the girl is pregnant, the groom’s family will also demand some gift or payment. This sending of p resents is not done out of affection, but for fear of social condemnation that good dowry was not given, or out of fear that their daughter may be harassed and sent back to her natal home.\r\nIn addition, these dowry demands not only place pressure on a new bride and her parents, but can also involve her entire extended family. [39] C. Violent Derailment of the Traditional Dowry System The abuse of the custom of dowry has eroded and aborted the original meaningful function of traditional dowry, i. e. , kanyadan, and the giving of stridhan and dakshina. The once intended safety net for the bride and the gift of affection for the groom has corrupted into a price-tag for the groom and a noose for the bride.\r\nNo longer merely a system of giving voluntary gifts, the modern dowry system has become Indian society’s primary method for manipulating one’s family status and wealth. It is largely distinguished from the older traditional dowry system by the presence of compulsion , which is largely due to the fierce competition in the marriage market. Today, the rudimentary motivation behind the giving of dowry is the need of the bride’s family to improve their family standing or status. Stridhan, the Hellenic notion prescribing a woman’s marriage wealth, has been violated in four respects in contemporary Indian society.\r\nFirst, any item that is transferred as stridhan along with the bride at the time of marriage, and in ancient times was given directly to her, may now be taken into sole possession by the groom and his family. Second, the groom’s parents use the stridhan portion brought by their daughter-in-law, to enhance the dowry given in acquiring husbands for their own daughters, if they have any, or for any other conceivable purpose. Third, dowry demands continue even after the marriage and can be perpetuated indefinitely, thus always being a ready source of cash and the latest materialistic goods.\r\nFinally, spouting religiou s meaning behind this taking of dowry, the groom’s family justify their demands; however the cash transaction put across by and ultimately given to the groom’s parents is not mentioned anywhere in the traditional brahmin dictum. In earlier times a women was not allowed to inherit property, thus the stridhan portion was meant to provide her with a share of her parental wealth. Thus â€Å"dowry” was a social means of transferring the natural rights of inheritance to a daughter via the marriage process.\r\nThus, the original underlying motivation was to provide the bride with a pre-mortem inheritance and to overcome the restrictions of the early Succession laws. However, the Succession operation of 1956 decreed that women were entitle to inherit equally along with their brothers, thus allowing them to also inherit property. It recognized an equal right of Indian women to inherit property and for the 1st time conferred absolute ownership to her. Due to this legis lation, the traditional reasons underlying the giving of stridhan, to safeguard the woman and her economic well-being, have ceased to exist.\r\nHereinafter, a model of dowry deaths is discussed whereby various concepts pertaining to victimization of women for dowry are discussed. The model falls into two parts, the first of which, influenced by socio-cultural and victimological concepts, attempts to identify the kind of marriage arrangements that lead to a potential problem. These are groups of variables 1-9 in act 1. The second part of the model is influenced by mapping activity and rational choice perspectives, and attempts to deal with the more dynamic aspects of the phenomenon after marriage (groups 10-14).\r\n sort outs 1 and 2 cover the socio-cultural factors (patriarchal traditional society; dowry system) that provide the context for the development of dowry problems. Dowry problems frequently arise within urban, middle class families with conservative outlooks. sorts 3,4, 5 and 6 concern the kinds of family and the needs of both the husbands and wifes families before the marriage. Economic needs are important for both families. The husbands family may be trying to obtain resources through the dowry, by capitalizing on the husbands earning power. The wifes family may be trying to protect resources.\r\nThe relative status of the families is also relevant, with the husbands family generally being more influential. separates 7 and 8 deal with the personal characteristics of the wife and the husband. Wives are more potential to be victimized if they are submissive, young and less educated. Husbands are more likely to be aggressors, or to fall in with their parents aggression, if they are faltering and emotionally dependent. Husbands who are older and better educated than their wives are more likely to dominate their spouses and commit acts of violence against them.\r\nThe marriage contract ( aggroup 9) attempts to reconcile the needs of the husbands a nd wifes families. The kind of arrangements that appear to lead to trouble include, for example, a large dowry not paid on full at the time of the marriage and dowries with non-cash items over which disagreements arise about the quality of the goods supplied. Misunderstandings are likely to be greater if the families do not know each other well and have used a middleman to arrange to contract Group 10 deals with the living situation after marriage.\r\nIn the joint family system, quarrels may center around the wifes insufficient dowry especially when the wife is unemployed and not well enough trained in housekeeping to satisfy the husbands family. As marriages are generally arranged, the chances of inconsistency between the husband and wife are high and the probability of disputes correspondingly great. The brides parents will generally be unsupportive because of the prevailing belief that once a girl is married her parents should not interfere in her new life, even if she comes to them for help.\r\nEven where they are supportive, they cannot come quickly to help her if they live at a distance. The risk of physical abuse is increased when the husbands family lives in a quiet neighborhood or if there are no neighbors. That bride burning is basically an urban phenomenon may be partly due to the quick life in cities neighbors tend to have little time to get knobbed in each others affairs. The busy routines of urban dwellers thus leaves unguarded the naked young bride.\r\nGroups 11 and 12 deal with the reactions of the husband and wife after marriage. The wifes personality will affect her reaction to her marital problems. She might tolerate the harassment and mistreatment so as not to bring any shame on her parents. Since she is dependent on her husband both emotionally and economically she may completely loose confidence in herself. The fact that in many cases the husband has not chosen the wife may cause him much unhappiness because he finds her unattractive or incompatible with his friends.\r\nThese feelings of frustration may fuel his demands that the wife get more money from her parents. Groups 13 and 14 deal with the husbands and wifes decision making. If pressures upon the wife became intolerable she may decide to take matters into her own hands and end her life. The husband on the other hand, as a result of dissatisfaction at work and in his married life, may have affairs with other women, get into other activities like shimmer and take to alcohol or drugs. He may choose to deal with his difficulties and frustrations by plotting to kill his wife.\r\nThis decision will be influenced by a perceived low risk of detection, the availability of an easy method of killing his wife, and the possibility of solving his problems by marrying some other woman with a better dowry settlement. Fig. 1 A Model of Dowry Deaths[40] Gropu Group 1 G G Group 2 Group 3 Group 4\r\nGroup 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 9 Group 8 Group 11 Group 10 Group 12 Group Gr oup 13 Group 14 Marriage in India, regarded as the alliance of two families, is a huge turning point in an individual’s life and should be a joyous and blessed occasion.\r\nYet there is energy to prevent the groom and his family from making initial steep demands, continual demands, or using the dowry money as they do not see fit, nor do previous fulfilled demands guarantee that future demands will not be made. As a result, dowry deaths are a consequence of the intense competitive expansion of capitalism within an intricate vane of hierarchical relations, resulting in a widening col between the rich and the poor, intensified gender stratification, and India’s subordinate status in the world market.\r\nIn this extremely competitive environment, dowry demands are one method of attempting upward mobility. The modern-day dowry system, as a perverted version of the past, leads to the impoverishment of the bride’s family, allows for the materialistic enrichment of the groom’s family, values the groom as a market commodity, and most importantly, rarely buys security and peace for the bride. Chapter 4 ILLEGALITY OF PRACTICE: INDIA’S POSITIVE LAWS On May 20, 1961, the Parliament of the of import Government of India recognized that the practice of giving and taking dowry was â€Å"evil” especially to the extent that it involved money or goods. 41] For that reason, they enacted the Dowry Prohibition coiffure (â€Å"the Act”) with the sole objective of eradicating the giving or taking of dowry. [42] The Indian Parliament took further steps, by amending the Indian Penal work out (â€Å"IPC”) in 1983 and again in 1986 with the Indian show up Act (â€Å"IEA”), and the economy of Criminal Procedure (â€Å"CCP”), to reduce the dowry murder phenomenon by criminalizing dowry related violence against women. A. The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 The Act does not seek to completely abolish the custom of g iving gifts upon marriage but to restore the dowry system to its original traditional form and purposes.\r\nAccordingly, the statutory explanations do not include the gratuitous stridhan portion of dowry; however, these gifts must be given at the time of the marriage and not before or after. Although the generally accepted definition of dowry is the â€Å"property that a girl brings with her at the time of marriage,” the 1961 Act de all rightd the annoyance of giving or taking ‘dowry’ as â€Å"including any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given, at or before the marriage as consideration for the marriage…”[43]This language, however, proved to be problematic as an effective method of prohibiting dowry.\r\nFor example, in the original definition clause, the Act stated that â€Å"any present given or taken by either party, either party’s parents or by any other person directly at the time of marriage was not dowry unless it was taken as consideration for the marriage. ”[44] The statute, as worded, only prohibited exchanges that were given or agreed to be given as consideration, and did not include any gifts, in the form of cash, ornaments, clothes, or other articles, given at the time of a marriage to either party.\r\nConsequently, the definition of dowry was narrowed, and any gifts given before or upon and any cash/expenditures made after the marriage, were excluded and could not be violations of the Act. As evidence of this gap in coverage, the Delhi High Court, ruled in Madan Lal Ors v.\r\nAmar Nath[45], that â€Å"property may pass hands subsequent to marriage, even months or years after it, merely to save the marriage from being broken…or to save the wife from harassment, Given the ineffectiveness of the language and the inadequacy of the 1961 law in decreasing the dowry phenomenon as well as in countering the increasing violence and harassment inflicted upon young women, the womenâ €™s movement in India campaigned for law reform.\r\nAs a result, the Indian legislature enacted amendments in 1984 and 1986 with the intention of making the law more stringent and, therefore more effective. The 1984 amendment broadened the scope of the original act by substituting the words â€Å"in connection with the marriage” for the original â€Å"as consideration for marriage. ” The definition was broadened again in 1986 to include presents given â€Å"any time after the marriage” within the definition of dowry.\r\nFurthermore, the 1986 amendment raised the minimum punishment for taking or abetting the taking of dowry to five years and a fine of 15,000 rupees. Additionally, it shifted the burden of proving that there was no demand for dowry to the person who takes or abets in the taking of dowry, made punishable by imprisonment, for a term of cardinal months to five years, or alternatively, with a fine of 15,000 rupees, any advertisement which related to the offering of property in consideration for marriage was made punishable by imprisonment, and made bail unavailable in dowry cases. 46] As a result of the 1984 and 1986 amendments, the current Act outlaws the giving, taking, or demanding of dowry, which it defines as any property or valuable security given or agreed to be at, before, or after the marriage in connection with the marriage. [47] Thus, the Act provides greater room for the coif of judicial discretion in declaring a bigger range of â€Å"giving” as dowry. Nonetheless, even given the expansion of the definition of dowry, the current Act has been widely criticized for being ridden with â€Å"legal loopholes. For example, the Act prohibits dowry but allows the giving of gifts at the time of the marriage. Moreover, the definitions do not clearly define the terms â€Å"consideration,” â€Å"gift,” or â€Å"present,” making it difficult to determine what constitutes consideration and how that differs from a gift. Matters are further complicated by the Act’s use of the word â€Å"dowry” to describe not only what the bride’s parents give to the groom or to their daughters-in-laws but also what the groom’s parents give to the bride and their sons-in-laws.\r\nConsequently, the charge of â€Å"dowry” can be slow avoided by offering the items or cash guardedly as a gift so as not to invoke any characterization of the property as compensation. To counteract the ambiguity of this language, yet not proscribe the giving of gifts altogether, some have suggested elevated a limit on the aggregate value of such gifts. [48] However, others have agued that this is just as quixotic for essentially the same reason that the Act corpse unenforceable: corruption is the norm. 225 As a result of the vagueness and under-inclusive nature of the statutory language, the Act still dust argely ineffective. Thus, Indian families can continue to demand dowry mo ney without fear of reprisal. In practice, states may amend the statute if they wish, without restriction for instance by including explanations and definitions for certain terms in their local version of the statute. For example, the state of Haryana amended the Act by widening the definition of dowry. The definition included any marriage expenses incurred directly or indirectly at or before the marriage or in connection with any of the Thaka, Sagai, Tikka, Shagan, and Milni ceremonies. 49] Moreover, unlike the federal act, any gifts to either party in the form of cash, ornaments, clothes or other articles are also considered dowry. [50] Further many state statutes, unlike the Act, have imposed upper limits on the amount of marriage expenses and presents that are allowed to be given. Haryana further prohibited any marriage expenses that were greater than five thousand rupees, restricted the marriage party to xxv members and the band to eleven members.\r\nFinally, while states have the power to amend, it should also be noted that the states are not required to incorporate any federal amendments made to the Act; For example, when federal amendments were added to the Act in 1984, Haryana did not incorporate these into its state act. B. Additional Corresponding statute law In 1983, the Indian Penal legislation, the Indian severalise Act, and the Indian Criminal Procedure Code were changed at the same time to deal more effectively not only with dowry-related deaths, but also with cases of stiffness against married women.\r\nThe 1986 Amendment to the Act also proposed the new offence of â€Å"dowry death” to be created in the Indian Penal Code as well as any other corresponding legislation. 1. Indian Penal Code In 1983, Parliament amended the Indian Penal Code to outlaw dowry related cruelty by the husband or his relatives by enacting § 498-A as part of the Criminal Law Act (â€Å"Criminal Act”). [51] The Criminal Act created the criminal of fence of cruelty, and provided for the punishment of a husband or his relatives if they harass a woman in order to coerce her to meet any unlawful demand for property. Additionally, §306 created the offense of â€Å"abetment to self-annihilation” hich provided that anyone who instigates another to commit suicide will be liable for abetting the commission of a suicide when the suicide results from such instigation. Further, in 1986, a new offense of â€Å"dowry death” was created under IPC § 304-B[52], allowing for an irrefutable supposal previously unknown to Indian jurisprudence. It provides that when a woman’s death occurs under questionable circumstances and it is proved that she was subjected to dowry-related cruelty or harassment, it shall be presumed that the husband or any of his relatives committed the offense of dowry death and caused her death.\r\nMoreover, it stated that the minimum punishment for committing dowry death was imprisonment of a m inimum of 7 years to life. The Judicial Response The attitude of the workbench at the apex level has -been in favor of women, the crux of which can be condensed to Justice Mohans impression in Panniben vs. State of Maharashtra:[53] â€Å"Every time a case relating to dowry death comes up it causes ripples in the pool of conscience of this court. Nothing can be more barbarous, nothing could be more grievous than this sort of a crime …… ” 2. Indian license Act\r\nCorresponding to IPC § 306 via the Criminal Act, the Indian rise Act already contained provision 113-A[54] that raised a impudence of an abetment to suicide against the husband or his relatives if the wife commits suicide within a period of seven years and if there is evidence that she had been subjected to cruelty as defined in IPC § 498-A. However, in 1986, the IEA was further amended with § 113-Bto allow for the corresponding IPC provision of § 304-B. §113-B creates the presumption of dowry death where a women has been subjected to cruelty or harassment for dowry soon before her marriage.\r\nThe 1983 Amendment Act also inserted Section 113-A in the Indian Evidence Act which raises presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman. It lays down that when the question is whether commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband, and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years of marriage from the date of her marriage, that her husband or such, relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the court\r\n'