Psychological Perspectives of Understanding Essay

cornerstoneThis booklet exit introduce you to the main psychological attitudes to the savvy of a babes demeanor development. Each perspective will be described in as frequently detail as possible, and the theorist that argon linked to them. The main perspectives be* Psychodynamic* Freud* Behaviourist* Skinner* cognitive* Piget* Humanist* Rogers, Maslow, Cooley and mead* Social dateingThe psychodynamic perspectiveThis perspective is very much based on the early work of Sigmund Freud. It is believed that behaviour is make from a churls subconscious olfactory sensations, which every come from life experiences. It is viewed as a tiddlers problem as an come forwardward and app atomic number 18nt symptom of invisible conflicts. either the conflicts whitethorn come from trauma, loss, or from a strained/troubled relationship with parents or carers. Children do non bread any inner resources that help them understand their feelings completely so they may be shown in inapp ropriate and difficult behaviour. Sigmund Freud verbalise that when a childs too painful or too difficult feelings are left untalked nigh, they leak out in difficult and challenging behaviour or in neurotic symptoms.The source of a painful feeling is buried under a defensive mechanism that is very wicked to find in a child because of this most children do not understand why they are behaving this way. A psychodynamic assessments are always carried out by psychiatrist as they use techniques that are designed to go forth an insight into their last(prenominal).To do this they use the response of the child to make inferences about sub-conscious motives for behaviour. Once they turn out understood the childs behaviour the psychologists will start an intervention which will help the child express their feelings kinda of it coming through their behaviour. These can be done through the by-line * Build a supportive relationship with a significant big(a) * Help the child to talk about what they are feeling in an secure surround* Express painful feeling through drama, storytelling, tamper or cartoons The behaviourist perspectiveThis perspective is based from the work Skinner. It was tell Law of Effect is the behaviour that leads to strengthenceed behaviour which is ignored or unsatisfying which is all weakened. Behaviourists claim that all behaviour of children are larn and can be changed by systems, such as rewards or punishment. at that place are devil types of rewards behaviourists use, these are in clearal and formal.* Informal acknowledgement or praise* Formal clear targets for example stickers, tokens or points which all then lead to bigger rewards. The behaviourists also claimed that the behaviour requires a scientific get down which is completely based on objectivity and experimentation. The methods they were use were considered to be unscientific, so instead it was all placed on watchings on their behaviour quite a than a searches for the cause of the behaviour through the childs past. behavioral assessments in schools involve observation and recording of a childs behaviour. When they are observing it is all taken down on an observation checklist, which includes the following titles* Antecedent* Behaviour* ConsequencesAll this is then utilise to form a baseline for a post-intervention can be assessed.The Cognitive perspectiveThis perspective shows how a childs develops understanding what is around them. This refers to varied mental activities such as* Listening* Speaking* Learning* apprehensionAll the theories of cognitive development concentrate on developments of their intellectual skills. All the skills that we have are the ones that have been learnt through cognitive development. If none of the children have cognitive skills then they wouldnt be able to rank past experiences or plan future events, cognitive development is very much concerned with how the mental cultivatees work and develop. There were twain psychologists who studied cognitive development, there name was Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Jean Piaget was a psychologist who looked at a childs developing their reason out skills.Piaget carried out detailed observations of them and as his work started taking shape on how our understanding a childs intellectual skills and as a result of this he has made changes in education. Piaget understood that cognitive developments occurred in wooden legs, his research concentrated on how children learn and start to gain an understanding of their stage of development to be able to learn new conceits. He identified a tetrad-stage process of cognitive development all the way through childhood. He declared that every child would go through each stage only when not at the same time, just now he also said that some children would sometimes never reach the later stages. The four stages are* Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)* Children at very young ages start to learn by their own activity and movement. Everything babies touch or see they put into their mouths or hold them tight and they examine them closely. A child develops an understanding through something called schema. Schema is a mental construction which contains all the development a child has about a particular aspect of the world.* Pre-operational stage (2-7 years)* At this stage children start to show evidence of thinking but its not logical thinking, they are not able to coiffe mental operations. Children will start to use symbolic behaviour such as pretend play, language and drawings.* Concrete operations stage (7-11 years)* At this stage children are able to understand any ideas in a much more logical way but they sometimes settle down find it hard to understand concepts.* Formal operational stage (age 12 to adult)* At this stage children are able to think in a way which is more abstract and logical way, they can use reasoning skills they are applying a general principle to a particular situation. C hildren are more flexible in the way they think. There are two people who have been highly interested in cognitive styles of therapy.Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck has used methods of cognitive behavioural therapy to treat many people who have or are suicidal, depressed or may have personality disorders. Whereas Albert Ellis looked at the different ways to change their behaviour my using methods of Rational affectional Behavioural Therapy, he used this to show his patients that their feelings were results of different habits by learn rather than being realistic. Therapists that use this approach use training and role-play techniques to measure up their behaviour.The humanist perspectiveThis perspective makes positive aspects of development and growth, this emphasises a persons unique experiences to a personal thoughts. There are four psychologists that are specialised in this perspective, these four are* Carl Rogers* Rogers developed the concept on egotism-esteem. Acco rding to him everyone has an idea of what someones ideal self should be. He believed that if your image of your self is the same as your ideal self then you have good self-esteem. Rogers said that the development of self-esteem all depends on positive regard from others, the effect of a childs self-esteem will come from their parents unconditional love and affection. Children will start to cope with different situations as they get older, for example a sensation of achievement or failure in either sports or their educational skills. Rogers also considered cultural factors, gender and physical attributes to come to his conclusion.* Abraham Maslow* Maslows possibleness is based on individuals that are being motivated through pursuit to develop through five levels of need. The most basic needs are physiological which are survival instinct, which is then followed by safety needs, be and loving needs, self-esteem needs and at the very top is personals achievements and growth.* Coole y* Cooley proposed feeling trash theory, which means that the behaviour from children to others acts like a looking glass which gives us a reflection of ourselves. It raises peoples self-esteem.* Mead* Mead had the view that everyone has two aspects I and me. This means that I is the social responses of individual and me being the responses and attitudes of others. It was master(prenominal) of the communication with others for the development of self-esteem.The Social learning perspectiveSocial psychological science looks at aspects of development such as behaviour such as being in a group, leadership, non-verbal behaviour and aggression. The social perspective looks at the environment, interactions with others that have influenced the childs behaviour and attitudes. Bandura theory emphasises on the environment and the social steps of learning. His view is that it would be part of a childs self development, is what they have observed and imitated from people around them.