Laws Special Education Essay Example for Free

Laws Special Education Essay Prior to 1969, there was no special education or related services offered to learning-disabled children. By providing funds, the Public Law of 1969 known as the Children with Specific Learning Disabilities Act has recognized children with learning disabilities (Berger, 2008, p. 302) and enabled them to receive special education and other services such as physical therapy, speech, transportation, etc. In addition, by enforcing mandated education for all children, the Public Law has protected children with disabilities from being rejected or forced out of school as it used to happen before 1960s (Berger, 2008, p.302). By requiring local educational agencies to offer special education services for students with disabilities (Dunlap, 2009, p. 5), the Public Law provided parents/guardians with the opportunity to receive necessary assistance. As of 1975, the Education of All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) required each child with disabilities to have the Individual Education Plan (IEP) written by the multidisciplinary team working with the student, which allowed specifying educational goals according to childs unique needs. Also, by placing children with special needs in least restrictive environment (a setting as close as possible to a setting designed for children without disabilities), the EAHCA has helped the students with learning disabilities to advance their academic achievement and social skills (Berger, 2008, p. 302). Since the integration of EAHCA in 1975, the parental participation in the writing, approval, and evaluation of each child’s IEP has become mandatory (Dunlap, 2009, p. 91). The EAHCA also guarantees parents the right to sue a district if they feel that the best interest of their child is not being met or if they disagree with decisions regarding services provided to their child (Dunlap, 2009, p. 7). Since 1990, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has worked in favor of â€Å"individuals† (previously referred to as children) to assist them with their â€Å"disabilities† (previously referred to as handicaps) (Berger, 2008, p. 302). IDEA emphasized parents right and collaboration in educational placement, IEP, and assessment of their child (Dunlap, 2009, p. 11). This law allowed parents to have advocates in schools (trained individuals to work for the welfare of their children). Updated in 1997 and 2004, IDEA strengthened the role of parents and their rights to be involved in educational decisions affecting their children. As these laws have contributed to the present status of Special Education in the U. S. , they continue being crucial in ensuring the help that individuals with disabilities need. While the public law makers have incorporated numerous special services, they keep modifying previously integrated laws to ensure that each child’s unique needs are met. The IDEA of 1990, for example, added autism as classification category to address current disability (Dunlap, 2009, p. 9). Its amendment of 1997 listed AD/HD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) as a â€Å"separate disability category, making children with AD/HD eligible for services under the health-impairment category Other† (Dunlap, 2009, p. 11). Bibliography Berger, K. S. (2008) The developing person: Through the life span (7th ed. ) (pp. 301-305). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Dunlap, L. L. (2009). An introduction to early childhood special education: Birth to age five. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc..

An Anlysis Of The Islamic Group Hezbollah Politics Essay

An Anlysis Of The Islamic Group Hezbollah Politics Essay Hezbollah literally means the Party of God. The Lebanese Hezbollah has multiple translations including Hizbullah, Hezbullah, Hizballah, Hizbollah and Hizb Allah (as used by Al-Jazeera). It is also referred to as Islamic Jihad (Islamic Holy War) or Islamic Jihad Organization. Some call Hezbollah as Ansar al-Allah (followers of God) Al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyyah. There are references made as the Organization of the oppressed on earth, Revolutionary Justice Organization, Organization of Right against wrong, and also as the followers of the Prophet Muhammed. Hezbollahs members often introduce themselves as the sons of the Umma (muslim community). Identity: Essentially we can call Hezbollah as a political and military organization. It was founded in 1982 to fight Israel in southern Lebanon. The group is headed by Sheik Hassan Nasrallah. The Arab Muslim world, (along with by some European Union countries) look at Hezbollah as a legitimate, militant, political party in Lebanon; while the Israeli government and many Western governments view it as an Islamic fundamentalist, or Islamist terrorist organization. As it evolved, Hezbollah outgrew its originally objectives of expelling Israel and the Americans and French from Lebonan. It diversified into various wings to establish itself as an identity of note, not only in its area of operation, but across the world. Its military men and material supply is primarily credited to Iran who is often seen as the soul behind the face of Hezbollah. In addition, it has a dominant civilian arm, wherein they run hospitals, schools, orphanages and even a television station. Finance largely comes by Iran and Syria, but it also raises funds itself by charities some commercial activities. Hezbollah has a notable representation in the Lebanese parliament. It currently holds 80 seats out of 128 in Lebanese Parliament. Prime area of operation for them is the Bekaa Valley, suburbs of Beirut, and southern Lebanon. Lebanon has a population of app. 3 million people, out of which about 40% belong to Shia community. Hezbollahs social services programme is very popular amongst Shias. Some of its propagandas have been regarded as anti-Israeli or even anti-Semitic, but it doesnt necessarily qualify it as a terrorist organisation. Prime areas of operation: In Lebonan, Hezbollah operates mainly in the Al Biqa (Bekaa Valley), along with southern suburbs of Beirut southern Lebanon. Over a period of time, it has established centres in Europe, Africa, and South North Americ etc. The training bases are mostly in Biqa Valley, while its headquarters and offices are in southern Beirut and in Baalbek. Culture: Members of Hezbollah say that their culture it is based on the Holy Koran, the Sunna and the legal rulings of the faqi (whom they call their source of imitation). Organisations strength: It is estimated that the organization has over ten thousand fighters and this can strength can be easily increased if and when needed from their reserves from its stronghold areas in Lebanon. To add to it, they have numerable activists and moral supporters. Their militia is equipped with small arms including automatic rifles, mortars, rocket grenades, and Katyusha rockets. Hezbollah member have been seen on television conducting military parades in Beirut which often include tanks and armoured personnel carriers (that might have been taken over from Lebanese army) Funding: Hezballahs primary sources of aid are from Iran and Syria. They provide sourcing in terms of finances, weapons training, explosives, and even political, diplomatic, and organizational aid. It is estimated that Iran probably provides annual assistance worth app. 50 million dollars. However, Hezbollah has the capability and willingness to act independently. Families of suicide bombers are believed to be facilitated by The Martyrs Charity (Bonyad-e Shahid). In 2001, Paraguayan police raided the home of Hezballah operative Sobhi Mahmoud Fayad and found receipts from the Martyrs Organization totalling more than three million dollars for donations Fayad sent, though the authorities believed he had sent over fifty million dollars to Hezballah since 1995. Hezbollah operates a worldwide network of fundraisers. In addition, funds are also raised by charity funds. These funds are donated by some extremist Islamic institutions while are not directly connected to Hizballah. While these funds pay for its military and terrorist operations, other funds enable them to provide its members with day jobs. History: Hezbollah had a long gestation period from its incorporation in 1982 to 1985. It was marked by 3 key events: (1) Israels occupation of southern Lebanon from and its Invasion in 1982 (2) Iranian revolutions effects on the Arabs political scenario. (3) Affirmation of the Shiite communities in 1960s 70s. Israel repeatedly invaded Lebanon since 1973. In 1982, it occupied southern Lebanon up to the capital Beirut, killings thousands. It was against the background of this brutal invasion, coupled with the arrival of foreign forces, namely, America, France Italy that Hezbollah came into picture. Its goal was simply to remove the foreigners and popularise the Islamic movement in Lebanon. If the group was not necessarily conceived by Iran, it was surely was aided in its inception by arrival of over 1000 revolutionary guards from Iran. Hezbollah cells establishing its base in Lebanon in 1982 and expanded strengthened ever since. It developed a count of about four thousand members, equipped with over eleven thousand rockets, anti-tank weapons and heavy mortars. They also established a network of social assistance, mosques and schools in southern Lebanon. During mid eighties, they launched a flurry of suicide bombings including an attack on the Americas embassy and marine base in Beirut. Members of the organisation were often responsible for kidnapping and detention of hostages in Lebanon. It gained a name for its hit run tactics. It also was particular in kidnapping of Israeli military personnel. Although, there have been accusations of carrying out attacks on civilian targets abroad, no evidence has confirmed the claims. Amongst the muslim community, Hezbollah soon received acclaim and creditability. So much so that it replaced the other prominent organization in Lebanon, namely Amal, as the dominant force. Over the years, their military operations grew to include attacking outposts, ambushing, laying explosive devices, and launching long range mortar shells and rockets at outposts. Israel eventually withdrew from Lebanon in the month of May 2000. Hezbollah made claims that a portion of land comprising of shebaa farms, golan heights and other places which lie on the Israeli side of the border were belonged to Lebanese. Though UN dismissed their claims, Hezbollah continued terror attacks on Israeli towns in order to liberate these lands and to free prisoners held by Israel. Later, they exchanged the bodies of 3 Israels kidnapped soldiers in return their prisoners. Since Israels withdrawal, the organisations focus shifted to increase and expand its activities within Israel with the objective of conducting attacks in Israels own territory, hence spoiling any attempt at talks or opportunity to return. Hezbollah has eventually stabilised the border, excluding the areas around the Shebaa Farms, which are still occupied by Israel. OBJECTIVES Hezbollah says that freedom, justice, peace and peoples rights are the values on which a society develops rises. Freedom, they say, is the key element for the rise; while rights lead to justice and it ultimately results in peace. Adoption practice of these values demand commitment and focus on all as they are all universal: freedom is not what is available to one group and denied to another, rights should be prevalent everywhere; limited justice is injustice; peace by nature has to be for all. The organisation believes divine religions are responsible for establishment of these values. They specifically credit Islam, declaring it clearest and most comprehensive be it in theory or practical concepts. It is an organisation based on striving current that has been based its struggle to achieve these values in Lebanon region while eliminating all those barriers that may obstruct their goal. Keeping in view its values of peace, Hezbollah says it rejects all forms of aggression and terrorism. They condemn worlds outlook to certain instances as accepted violence and terrorism while rejecting the counter-violence, which, they say, is a natural human reaction to violence and terrorism. Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin, the leader of Hezbollah issued their manifesto on 16th Feb 1985; it was titled An Open Letter: The Hezbollah Program. The manifesto indentified the following three primary objectives of Hezbollah: To put an end to colonialist entities in Lebanon by expelling Americans, French and their allies from their land. To submit the Phalanges to a just power and bring them all to justice for the crimes they have perpetrated against Muslims and Christians. To allow all their people to choose their own future and have a government of choice. The organisation encouraged people to incorporate Islam which guarantees justice liberty for all. They said that only an Islamic regime could stop attempts of infiltration on the country. They call all oppressed people across the world as their friends. Ones who fight their enemies defend them from their evil are its friends. They called out for their friends to overlook their different viewpoints on the methods of struggle, and on the levels on which it must be carried out, and asked them to consolidate cooperation in view of the grand purpose. Hezbollah has always had an underlying objective of spreading the message of Islam. They want all the oppressed to study the divine message in order to bring justice peace into the world. However, they claim that they dont want to impose Islam upon anybody. We dont want Islam to reign in Lebanon by force is the message. Their opposition to the then existing system is worked on two major grounds (a) They believed that no reform or modification could remedy the present regime and it demanded radical change, and (2) Hostility of the world imperialism to Islam needed correction. Another objective that Hezbollah had in their agenda was to make an impression on the minds of high percentage Christian population in the country. They advocated that the politics followed by the political chiefs through the Lebanese front and the Lebanese forces didnt guarantee peace and tranquillity to the Christians of Lebanon and it also proved that outside help was of no use to the Christians of Lebanon when they need it most. They insisted that the Christians should answer the appeal from heaven and have recourse to reason instead of arms, to persuasion instead of confessionalism. Hezbollah asked the Christians to tolerate that Muslims shared with them certain domains of government saying that if you search for justice, who is more just than Allah?. They said that it is Allah who sent the message of Islam through his successive prophets in order to judge the people and give everyone his rights. The organisation made it clear that it doesnt we anticipate vengeance against Chris tians and that their fears were unjustified. They called upon the Christians to embrace Islam so that they shall be happy in this world and the next; and asked them to open themselves up to Islam where they will find salvation and happiness upon earth and in the hereafter. Hezbollah has had rejection for both the USSR and the US, calling them both capitalist and communist, and rendering them incapable of laying the foundations for a just society. Similar were the rejections against UNIFIL calling them as messengers of world arrogance to occupy areas evacuated by Israel and serve as a buffer zone. Hezbollah repeatedly stressed on the necessity for the destruction of Israel. They saw in Israel the vanguard of the US in their Islamic world. They called them the hated enemy that must be fought until the hated ones got what they deserved. They saw it as the greatest danger to their future generations and to the destiny of their lands. The organisations primary assumption in their fight against Israel states was that the Zionist entity has been aggressive since its inception, and built on lands wrested from owners at the expense of the rights of the Muslim people. Hence, they said that their struggle will end only when this entity is obliterated. Hezbollah made it clear that they intend no treaty or cease fire or peace agreements, whether separate or consolidated. They vigorously condemned all plans for negotiation with Israel, and regarded all negotiators as enemies. Therefore they rejected all programs that included the recognition, direct or implied, of the Zionist entity. Hezbollah functioned against Israel in four main ways: (a) They brought terrorists and collaborators across the border with use of foreign documents (b) They set up a terrorist organization inside Israel and in Judea, Samaria and the Gaza Strip (c) Promoted cross border operations like smuggling of weapons and terrorists (d) Worked on financial support for Palestinian organizations and groups. In conclusion of their objectives and conceptions Hezbollah says that these objectives serve as basis and inspire their march and ones who accept them should know that all rights belong to Allah and those who reject them, Hezbollah will be patient with them, till Allah decides between its followers and the people of injustice. HEZBOLLAH AN ISLAMIST ORGANISATION Critics across the world claim that the real reason why Hezbollah was set up was to spread the Iranian Islamic revolution into Lebanon and throughout the Arab world. Since Israeli withdrawal, organisation has continued to fight the Israeli defense forces (through its active fighting force known as the Islamic Resistance) around the disputed, Shebaa farms area. UN has regarded Shebaa farms as Syrian territory. Hezbollah still considers the area a part of Lebanon and contoues to fight for it. The Shebaa farms were overtaken by Israel from Syria during the 1967 war. Syria was asked to notify the United Nations that it considered the area to be part of Lebanon but no official statement was ever sent. As a result, most of the specialists believe that Hezbollahs attempt to recapture the area was a pretext (backed by Syria) of keeping military pressure on Israel. Hezbollahs dedication has been on liberation of Jerusalem, along with the elimination of Israel. It has openly advocated the establishment of Islamic rule in Lebanon. They are dedicated to creation of Iranian style Islamic republic in Lebanon and removal of all non-Islamic influences from area. Its approach has been strongly anti-Western and anti-Israeli. Hezbollah considers the Iranian model as best form of governance. It finds an Islamic republic as the ideal and eventual form of state and enjoys co-operation of other militant Islamic organizations in persuit this goal. Islamic Revolution in Iran, that promoted the inception of Hezbollah, consolidated new Islamic thoughts. It generalized Islamic expressions against the West, labelling them as arrogant, hypocrites and the oppressed. Hence, it was obvious for these ideologies in Iran to find place in Lebanon. It was very quickly translated into direct support from the Islamic Republic of Iran through its revolutionary guards and then to Hezbollah that was fighting the Israeli occupation. This religious and ideological tie had a great effect on generating vital material and moral support to Hezbollah. The group ideological virtues saw no legitimacy in existence of Israel; the conflict of legitimacy which was actually based on religious ideals. The seed of resistance is embedded in the ideologies of the group The US Policy makers see the party of God as the manifestation of the Islamist phenomenon. Understandably too, as Hezbollah has positioned itself as an opponent of U.S. policy in the Middle East, especially in Lebanon. It has been involved in various notorious incidents like attack on the marine barracks in killing over two hundred marines, the kidnapping of US citizens, and bombing of the embassy. It had a declared goal of removing the Americans (diplomats and otherwise) from Lebanon. Some observers think that Hezbollah has had little real support in the general population (even among the Lebanese Shii Muslims). Variations on these views can be often heard and read, especially by those whose conclusions are based on conjecture rather than field work. Reality, though, seems very different, especially when you consider the level of popular support that the organisation enjoys. There is always a temptation to dismiss Hezbollah as an extremist or terrorist group. But one cant deny the fact that the organisation has managed to build an extremely impressive social base in Lebanon. It is probably the most effective and efficient political party in the country. Across the areas of its significant presence, especially the suburbs of Beirut, the northern Beqaa valley, Baalbek, and in parts of southern Lebanon, Hezbollah provides a gamut of services. The medical facilities offered are much superior to the ones provided by government hospitals, which the poor would otherwise have to rely upon. Doctors working in their hospitals say that medical facilities are available to and are used by both Muslims and Christians. In addition, the group offers a network of schools, community centres; companies and facilities like food distribution centers for the needy. Hezbollah runs its own engineering and construction company, and has been lending material support and expertise to ones whose homes have been destroyed by Israeli attacks or during clashes within Lebanon. Regular pensions and other assistance are provided to families of martyred members of the party. What these examples reflect is that the party works on two complementary aspects. It has focus on the militant pursuit of its objectives, while simultaneously working extremely hard to build and sustain a political constituency. Last few years has seen a trend of increasing cooperation between Hezbollah and operational entities on other Palestinian terrorist organizations. This is particularly evident between Hezbollah and the Tanzim. In fact, in recent months Hezbollah has served as an external command for the Tanzim organizations in the territories. They have been enough instances for Hezbollah supporters to draw references from; for example the French resistance against the Nazis, resistance of the Americans against the colonialists etc. We know how the free world countries and the people across the world have respect for these resistances. Therefore, when Hezbollah resisted in Lebanon, it should be seen as its legitimate and sacred right, similar to that was once exercised by the French and American peoples. Considering their resistance as terrorism maybe is a kind of injustice, discrimination, besides being a renunciation of the Bill of Human rights and the Charter of the United Nations. Therefore, the organisation calls on the peoples of the world to differentiate between aggression of terrorism, and the honest resistance that they believe was the only way to deter the aggression and confront the terrorism resulting from that aggression. They claimed that Israel was an aggressive entity which practiced terrorism as occupatio n is a form of terrorism. The group advocates that it is legitimate in war to attack soldiers and shouldnt be labelled as terrorism. They say resistance of occupation is not terrorism because the occupiers are normally armed combatants. Hence, it defies the definitions of terrorism which only applies to non-combatants or to those not taking an active role part in hostilities. It is therefore not illegal to use force in resisting an occupier, provided that civilians are not made the specific object of attack. The group adheres to the creed of the Muhammadan Islam and human values emanating from it. They say that this observance is derived from ideological conviction based on proofs and evidences and not from emotional liking or sectarian, denominational or racial group spirit. Therefore, they are always ready to exchange dialogues with others about their convictions, creeds, methods and positions. They do not impose their convictions on anyone, as they do not like anyone to do so, proposing a mutual understanding with others. Hezbollah claims that it is its religious duty to considers, as its religious task, serve human beings, protect their rights, maintain their interest, make all needed efforts to provide them with a dignified life and develop their society. Keeping in view their desire to focus on fulfilling their duties toward that human being, the organisation has efficiently contributed in providing humanitarian services to the citizens in various areas of the country without discriminating one citizen from another, or one sect from another. They have made contributions in many domains; some of them being restoration of damaged buildings, providing farming guidance, selling utilities for the least cost prices (sometimes even for free), providing primary and intermediate schooling, offering the needy students with scholarships to continue their college schooling plus giving them scientific orientation, securing fresh water to the areas where the public water network fail to reach etc. Probably, the most important contribution was that Hezbollah sacrificed its own blood and lives, in order to maintain is the right of the Lebanese human beings in their land and in determining the political system they desire. Hezbollahs inception resulted in immediate formation of the Islamic resistance units for the liberation of the occupied territories and for the expulsion of the aggressive Israelis. Besides its core objective of freedom, the group has always been equally concerned about the presentation of Islam which addresses the mind, and reasons. They have been focused on presenting Islam that is confident of its fundamentals its very civilized understanding of men, life and the universe. They have made efforts to show Islam as being self-assured about its capability to achieve the basis of right and justice. They were anxious to present Islam as the religion that is open hearted towards all the nations and their varied political and cultural trends along their numerous experiences. It wants Islam to be seen as the guardian for human rights the one who defines choices, adopts convictions and expresses them socially. They decided to form political pressure in social benefits announced in the Bill of Human Rights such as education, pedagogy, medical case etc. There has been evident anxiousness to prioritize their cultural projects which utilize persuasiveness polarization by the civilized and the human methods confirmed by the Bill of the Human Rights. The group has been keen to offer a model of systematically targeting the enemy which represents a challenge / threat to the existence of the entire nation along with its regimes and people. Hezbollah members say that they condemn the conflict that doesnt serve the main aim, of fighting the enemy, or one which could create discord at the front, that has to be unified around the common interests. They have tried time and again to make it clear that the kind of Islam they want is a civilized endeavour that rejects injustice, humiliation, slavery, subjugation, colonism and blackmail, while stretching out its arms for communication among nations on the basis of mutual respect; Islam as the religion which never accepts controls or delegations by others, simply for the sake of manipulating the rights and the interests of the nation. They say they promote the religion that recommends communication among civilizations and rejects collision amongst those civilizations. An Islam that believes in cultural communication among nations, and refuses setting up barriers and also sees it as its right to remove those barriers by the diplomatic means is what Hezbollah advocates. But they say, when others launch wars against it, they believe it is their natural right to defend its representing supporters and their achievements. Hezbollah wants people to see Islam a a message that aims at establishing justice, security, peace and rights for all people irrespective of the nation, race or religion they belong. They say that they dont have any complex toward anybody, but they feel its their responsibility toward others to make others understand the essence of their religion away from obligation and fanaticism. It doesnt seek application of Islam by force or violence but by peaceful political action. They insist that Islam rejects violence as a mean to gain Power, and this formula should be adopted by the non-islamists as well. They say if Islam becomes the choice of the majority then they will apply it; else, they will continue to coexist and discuss till correct beliefs are reached

The Dramatic Tension Creations Of Shakesphere English Literature Essay

The Dramatic Tension Creations Of Shakesphere English Literature Essay Macbeth is a drama of great tragedy. Written by William Shakespeare in the Elizabethan era, the themes of the play relate to many instances of todays society, including: ambition, fate, deception and treachery. The play begins with three supernatural characters, known as the Witches, who confront the tragic hero Macbeth on his victorious return from the war between Scotland and Norway, alongside him is General Banquo. In the meeting between Macbeth and the Witches, they predict that Macbeth will become King, although never actually, stating the path he must undertake and how these events will occur (Act 1, scene 3). As the scene has been set for the play, the plot continues towards the dramatisation of how Macbeth will achieve this great power to Kill King Duncan of Scotland. Assisted by his wife Lady Macbeth, who plans the fine details of the murder with him, the act is carried out whilst the King is guest of the two characters, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Shakespeare wrote the play, in order for the audience to never see the murder, but succumb to the tension that is created by the reactions of the two characters after the deed has been committed. We read that Macbeth is panicked and afraid of the consequences, while Lady Macbeth remains calm, helping Macbeth to smear blood on the daggers onto the sleeping guards, which earlier she drugged, having physical proof that the murder was conducted by them (Act 2, scene 2). Quoted from the scene Whence is that knocking? How ist with me, when every noise appals me? Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?(1,2, 58-61), is eviden ce of this behaviour by the character Macbeth. After the murder, King Duncans sons, Malcolm and Donalbain flee from Scotland and Macbeth becomes King. As the play continues, it becomes more dark, sinister and psychological, with Lady Macbeth succumbing to madness, then suicide. Macbeth kills Banquo to stop his sons from becoming King, which was part of the original prophecy by the three Witches, and eventually Macbeth is killed by Macduff, who becomes King of Scotland in Macbeths place. Shakespeares Macbeth Throughout the play, Shakespeare manages to create dramatic tension from the very beginning, right up to the murder of King Duncan, and thereafter to the downfall of Macbeth. Shakespeare gradually builds up the tension in each scene and releases it at different stages, until finally the act of the murder takes place. The four main themes which are outlined in the play become apparent from the beginning, things arent what they seem, ambition, power and superstition. His use of dramatic irony, the supernatural and indecision by the leading characters, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, all combine to keep the audience on the edge of their seats throughout. Shakespeares talent was the ability to present a story with creative dramatisation of imagery and imagination. He knew how to entertain the audience with fast-paced plots, creative imagery and dramatic characters. Shakespeare uses several instances of irony in Macbeth to give the play more depth, continuation of the dramatisation and to also allow the audience to foreshadow events to come, without the characters knowing the actions theyll take and the consequences. A good example of dramatic irony is when Macbeth plans Duncans murder, along with Lady Macbeth, while still remaining loyal to the King.   This is dramatic irony, while Duncan isnt aware of Macbeths plans, while the audience does. A further example of dramatic irony is posed in act one, scene five, Macbeth says My dearest love, Duncan comes here tonight, with Lady Macbeths reply And, when goes hence?, Macbeth says To-morrow, as he purposes, with Lady Macbeths final reply O, never shall the morrow see (1,5, 57-60). Implying in this scene, that Macbeth will soon undertake the task of committing the murder. Shakespeare uses a simile within the scene to portray Macbeth to act as an innocent flower when King Duncan arrives, but underneath act as a serpent to achieve your ambition to become King of Scotland look like an innocent flower, but be the serpent undert. (1,5, 64-65). We will proceed no further in this business. (1,7, 31) Showing doubts that Macbeth doesnt want to go through with the act and still Macbeth continues to question the consequences later in scene 7, If we should fail? Lady Macbeth responds, We fail? But screw your courage to the sticking place, and well not fail. (1,7, 58-59). The Witches Throughout the play, the theme of the supernatural plays a major role. Shakespeare opens the play with a short opening , long enough to awaken the audiences curiosity, with three supernatural beings on a dark mysterious heath (Act 1, scene 1). The mood of the play is set, although the action and the introduction of the leading characters dont start until the next scene. Introducing the supernatural power of witchcraft into the play associates the drama with the dark arts, treachery and unnatural disturbances. Shakespeare uses powerful imagery to portray the witches as grossly unnatural in appearance (Act 1, scene 3), inflicting unnatural storms and disruption onto the world. The opening scene is particularly important in establishing the mood and atmosphere of the play for the audience. The weather portrays darkness, using a Pathetic fallacy, the supernatural environment of the heath, with severe weather of thunder and lighting, proclaimed by Macbeth So foul a day I have not seen. (1,3,38), the prophecy is presented to Macbeth and Banquo. The Witches use a rhyming technique throughout their speeches, referring to incantations of magical charms, another trait of the supernatural. Every detail of the scene opens the audiences imagination and portrays from the outset the common themes of human values, a world of darkness, sinister behaviour and treachery by the leading characters. The Witches are introduced by Shakespeare as three women in evil apparel, using dramatic imagery, who told Macbeth and his companion Banquo, of the prophecies that would be acted out in the play. The Witches set the tone of the play and foreshadow the plot of the story at the very beginning (fair and foul) right and wrong. The opening scene foreshadows a tragedy, which the story is based upon. Within Act 1 scene 3, the witches are characterised as being unnatural and non-human looking and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are so. (1,3,45) and Banquo questions the witches Are ye fantastical? (1,3,53) and being of devil What, can the devil speak true? (1,3,108). Referring once again back to the supernatural theme and beings of darkness. Ambition and the plays main characters As a character Macbeth is the tragic hero of the play. Portrayed as a hero at the beginning of the play, helping to defeat the Norwegians and given the title the Thane of Cawdor by King Duncan, the plot of the play starts to unfold and Macbeth believes in the prophecy the witches set out (Act 1, scene 2). Macbeth is only given a new title as previously the Thane of Cawdor was killed due to committing treason. We discover Macbeths character to be strong willed, ambitious and greedy. Throughout the play the character changes and develops. In the beginning he is portrayed as a loyal soldier, willing to fight for his King, and country and as the play progresses he grows to become more ambitious to fulfil his destiny. However, Macbeth later in the play the character develops guilt for his crimes. With King Duncan travelling to Macbeths castle, in a soliloquy Macbeth urges darkness to cover the deed that he plans to commit Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires (1,4,50). Here Shakespeare completes the scene uses a Rhyming Couplet to portray the importance at the end and signify how Macbeth will commit the murder of King Duncan. The witches prophecy (Act 1, scene 3,line 48) 1st Witch All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of Glamis! 2nd Witch All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of Cawdor! 3rd Witch All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter The prophecy proclaims the theme of ambition for the rest of the play, which is outlined by a metaphor in Banquos speech If you can look into the seeds of time, and say which grain will grow and which will not. (1,3,58). Macbeth does try to question the Witches about their speech, however they fail to answer the questions and vanish from the scene, as Shakespeare uses dramatic imagery and conjures supernatural beings once more, Banquo says The earth hath bubbles, as the water has, and these are of them: whither they are vanished? (1,3,79). Both Macbeth and Banquo doubt the prophecy and feel following it will lead to the devil and dramatic consequences in the end, things arent always as they seem! Ambition to achieve kingship is through murder, which the play foreshadows as the destiny and Macbeth as the tragic hero. Lady Macbeth is first introduced in act 1 scene 5, first appearing as a ruthless, committed woman to strive for greater glory of her husband, Macbeth. The sudden arrival of the messenger after Lady Macbeth has read the letter from Macbeth in this scene, gives an excellent dramatic stroke for the play. This allows Lady Macbeth to think that the prophecy can be fulfilled this very night and satisfy her thirst for power. Upon the Kings arrival, Duncan is treated as an honorary guest of the house, whilst Macbeth and Lady Macbeth appear to be the perfect hosts, whilst all the while the audience know how the night will plan out for the characters and the foreshadow of King Duncans demise. Lady Macbeths passionate ambition and the drive of her husband, leads to the downfall of Macbeth. Lady Macbeth herself is characterised as very ambitious, but yet fears her husbands weaker nature Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be what thou art promised: yet do I fear thy nature. (1,5,14). Lady Macbeth is the driving force throughout and controls all Macbeths fears, to eventually commit him to the deed of murder. Shakespeare cunningly uses the image of a Raven in this scene, which in ancient times was associated with the coming of death, and with this use of symbolism the audience continue to see what will happen in the play. In the play Lady Macbeth in her actions asks for the help of darkness and the supernatural for her and Macbeth to conduct the act of killing the King to fulfil the prophecy, she is determined throughout to push her husband to his greatest ambition and gain power for herself, Come, thick night. And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell. (1,5,49) Lady Macbeth has a stronger personality than her husband, having to convince Macbeth to fulfil the deed, she is very faithful towards him and wants to achieve the great honour that could be bestowed upon them, if they commit treason and kill King Duncan. Within act 2 scene 2 Lady Macbeths character shows a cruel and disrespectful side towards the Kings servants and again her ambition comes to life, she says, Give me the daggers.   The sleeping and the dead are but pictures. (2,2,51)   The tension increases dramatically when we see Lady Macbeth pacing about in a nervous but excited state, awaiting Macbeths return increases the tension dramatically. We see a gentler side to Lady Macbeth. She says that she would have killed Duncan herself, but the old man looked too much like her father Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet. (2,2,12). This statement relays the consequences of the actions that will take place later in the play. With Macbeth coming forward in the play with the Witches prophecy, Lady Macbeths character was the most ambitious to see it through to the end. Having to deal with her husbands weaknesses, not wanting to carry through the act of murder, the character concocting a plan in the end was successful. Although you can see how Shakespeare shows the characters in the lead up to the murder, with dramatic irony at a key point in the play when King Duncan arrives at Macbeths castle to visit his loyal soldier and celebrate victory on the battle field against the Norwegians. The irony here is pointed out that only the audience, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth know is the King will never leave and see another day of sun. After the deed of high treason is committed, Macbeths character is hysterical and extreme tension is obvious. Dramatic Imagery comes true from the characters soliloquy and we see the bloody daggers in Macbeths hands and both characters fear discovery. Macbeth was misled by the witches and by Lady Macbeths sway of passionate arguments drawn to the events in the play, without these elements his ambition to become King could have been suppressed and only imagined by the character. Macbeths Soliloquy (Act 1, scene 7 and Act 2 scene 1) Shakespeare uses two key soliloquys to portray the inner thoughts of the character Macbeth, writing in a poetic theme using rhyming language. Often the passage refers to strong use of imagery towards the themes of blood, the supernatural, darkness and death. Both passages shows how the character is feeling at this point, with doubts and guilt of the consequences prior to committing the murder of King Duncan. In Macbeths first soliloquy, the character questions what he is about to do and doubt is cast in his mind and questions the consequences, for Macbeth knows he will pay for the deed here on earth or in the afterlife. Macbeths speaks of Duncans kindness and generosity, but ambition is fraught within the soliloquy, realising that he will have to pay sooner or later but only vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself, and falls on th other. (1,7, 27), that high leaping ambition can often be ones downfall. In his second soliloquy (Act 2, scene 1) Macbeth allies himself with witchcraft, murder and secrecy, left on his own, the characters imagination runs wild. Macbeth is torn, but the soliloquy in the play is the characters final preparation for the act of murder Thou marshallst me the way that I was going, and such an instrument I was to use! (2,1, 42). The main source of tension is of course Macbeths vision of the dagger, one sense is registering a dagger and the others arent Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come let me clutch thee. (2,1, 33-34). This is not made real to the audience and we are as bewildered by this dagger of the mind as Macbeth is. Using dramatic imagery, the dagger begins to bleed and the audience shares Macbeths fear and trepidation of what is to come, referring to witchcraft once more as it celebrates. Then we are disturbed by his final rhyming couplet which highlights Macbeths fatal decision, as he heads for Duncans bedroom stealthily. Conclusion Macbeth is a masterpiece by Shakespeare, showing how power, greed and ambition can change a character at a given point of opportunity, but questions what are the consequences of these actions that is analysed in the play, given that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth both succumb to the guilt of the deeds committed. The play from the outset was controlled by the power of fate and the supernatural. However, we have to question what would have happened if Macbeth had followed a different path, after all he was related to the King and in line to royal succession? The main question to answer is, would Macbeth have actually committed the Murder if the prophecy was never told or if Lady Macbeth was not so hungry for power?

Determination of Man?s Role in Latin America Essay -- essays research

Determination of Man’s Role in Latin America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How society describes what is meant by a man’s role is an important definition in every culture. What is right or wrong for men to do in terms of behavior depends on each community, and on people’s own perceptions. Latin American culture has a strict set of values on sexual issues, reflecting a man’s role in society. For all of the communities in Latin America there exists a relation between a man’s role and machismo. The exaggerated sense of manliness that machismo stands for is evident by parents when raising their male children, and by communities and their expectations. Machismo represents a culture of traditions indeed, but how does machismo define the role of a man in his society? XY is the chromosome formula for a male. Providing these two chromosomes will give the sexual differentiation that causes a man to be a man instead of a woman. However, psychological, social, and cultural factors that have nothing to do with genetics are important to determine man’s role, and to cultivate the sense of masculinity. Masculinity is a process of learning. No child is born a man, so children learn to become men. One example of this are the â€Å"wild children† of the nineteenth century whose sexual preference was ambiguous. Victor de l’Aveyron and Gaspar Hauser grew up without any human contact. For them there was no difference between men and women. A simple definition for masculinity could be the opposite of femininity. What is meant by this simple definition expresses what is demanded for being a man. It must be proof of that sense of masculinity, it â€Å"must be acquired, and at a high price† (Badinter 2). Characteristics such as success, power, control and strength are demanded for masculinity. Masculinity in Latin America goes further than just demanding it. The symbol of masculinity and male sexuality comes from the definition of machismo. Labels and categories are used in order to understand masculinity. Christian Krohn-Hasen in his essay Masculinity and the Political among Dominicans describes masculinity as â€Å"that of the hombre valiente, the spirited, courageous, and brave man† (112). The symbol of a brave man for many is also considered the symbol of masculinity. Another idea involves man showing his masculinity in public. Physical movements represent his capacity for being a man. The m... ... lower class populations. There might be exceptions in which machismo also affects the upper class population, but the percentage is minimal. In fact, when referring to machismo, it’s more likely to influence low income inhabitants. Machismo is the heritage of Latin communities, and it’s inherited through the culture in every Hispanic man. How machismo influences a man’s role; however, depends on each individual. Bibliography Baca Zinn, Maxine. â€Å"Chicano Men and Masculinity.† Men’s Lives. Ed. Michael Kimmel. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001. Badinter, Elisabeth. XY on Masculine Identity. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. Berryman-Fink, Cynthia. â€Å"Communication and Sex-Role Socialization.† New York: Garland Publishing, 1993. Krohn-Hansen, Christian. â€Å"Masculinity and the Political among Dominicans: ‘The Dominican Tiger’.† Machos, Mistresses, Madonnas. Ed. Marit Melhuus. New York: Verso, 1996. â€Å"Physical abuse against women by an intimate partner.† United Nations Statistics Division. 2003. United Nations. Nov 27 2004. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/table6c2x.htm Random House Webster’s Electronic Dictionary and Thesaurus, College Edition. 1994.

Organizational Leadership versus Management Essay -- Leader Manager es

When in a leadership role I don’t like to consider myself as a boss, but a mentor. I don’t want my employees to see me as a boss but as a guide for further learning and success. Today’s managers are not leaders, they are people in charge and nothing more. They don’t necessarily have the skills to lead, don’t get me wrong they may be a very good manager. However, they are only managing and not setting an example as a leader for the employees of an organization. An organization has the greatest chance of being successful when all of the employees work toward achieving its goals. Since leadership involves the exercise of influence by one person over others, the quality of leadership exhibited by supervisors is a critical determinant of organizational success. Supervisors study leadership in order to influence the actions of employees toward the achievement of the goals of the organization. Supervisors can learn about leadership through research. One of the reading assignments said leadership studies can be classified as trait, behavioral, contingency, and transformational. Earliest theories assumed that the primary source of leadership effectiveness lay in the personal traits of the leaders themselves. Yet, traits alone cannot explain leadership effectiveness. Later research focused on what the leader actually did when dealing with employees. These behavioral theories of leadership would explain the relationship between what the leaders did and how the employees reacted, bot...

Functions of Management Essay example -- essays research papers

Functions of Management Paper I work for Dell computer company and planning is extremely important. Since computer industry is changing so much and we are a global company it is very important to do the research and have a plan set in place to insure the profitability ad demand for our products. We do have many partnerships with other companies so it is imperative that have contracts in place in order to deliver best and newest technology as it is approved by FCC and released to the market. Organizing is another very important part of our company’s successful operation. On average Dell sells 250,000 a day so precise organizing is what makes it possible for all operation to be smooth and customers to be happy. We do have a great executive and management team in place to make sure that everything is well organized. Dell understands managing as leading that is why it is so great to work for them. I am taught by managers to lead my team because it as a more productive way of managing then just set goals and expect that they will be reached. In our company everyone tries to lead by example and help each other to achieve company goals. At Dell we have a great control model. The issues are addressed right away so if you are not reaching your goals and appropriate action is taken. Usually it is coaching, finding the reasons for underperforming. If that does not help more strict corrective actions are taken including termination. In order for company to be successful it has to h...

The Conflict Theory: The Elites Profit while the Lower Class is Controlled by Education

Education in America today plays numerous roles in determining the social and economic outcome of society and those who dwell in it. When questioning the purpose of education and whether it is producing social classes or providing equal opportunity for all students, there are two general responses to contemplate. The Consensus theory states education’s purpose is to bring out the potential of every student and that each person can positively contribute to the well-being of society according to his or her capabilities.The Conflict theory argues education is in place to dictate and determine the potential of every student and if everyone was pushed to their potential society would not work, basically society needs the working class to thrive. By controlling the lower class through education and other institutions the elite persist to profit and stay at the top of the social and economical scale. Consensus theorists define society as a collection of like-minded people pursuing a common goal, yet along with natural resources, human resources are limited, so society must maximize its short supply in order to accomplish necessary functions.This social structure requires society to be divided into separate, but overlapping areas of responsibility creating social institutions. These institutions establish and organize a system of social behavior with a particular and recognized purpose. Before the Industrial Revolution sociologists such as Emile Durkheim, focused on schooling as one of the most important social institutions existing. He wrote, â€Å"Education is the influence exercised by adult generations on those that are not yet ready for social life.Its objective is to arouse and to develop in the child a certain number of physical, intellectual and moral states which are demanded of him by both the political society as a whole and the special milieu for which he is specifically destined. † (Sociology of Education, pg. 14) Durkheim strongly believed t hat schools played a major role in forming a functioning society with consistent moral values. This institution was a crucial element for sustaining order and growth in society.As society advanced from the agricultural to the industrial era public education arose as businesses required more complex knowledge in order to build and sustain society. The shift from gemeinshaft to gesselschaft created a rapid breakdown in socialization. Because functionalists, such as Durkheim believed the social order was brought about by educational institutions â€Å"any change in society reflects a change in education and vise versa. † Sociology of Education, pg. 4) Rather than a community defined by intimate bonds, it became impersonal and focused on organic solidarity. In order to keep a cohesive society public schools reflect the widespread beliefs creating a forged sense of nationhood and American values. In society occupational roles were expected to be achieved by merit. Education, an ob vious input mechanism for achievement, became a necessity in society. Occupational tasks in the newly developed work force required various levels of skills, intelligence, and motivation.Jobs involving higher levels of human resources are more highly rewarded due to their important impact on the eminence of the American way of life. Functionalists today view school as â€Å"The consensus and common bond between members of society, taught and reinforced in schools through socialization into shared norms, unites groups working toward common goals and keeps groups from disintegrating. † (Sociology of Education, pg. 15) They view school as an essential foundation in building an open democratic society, as a means of solving problems of inequality and discrimination.Yet these â€Å"shared norms† imbedded into the learning criteria are produced by the upper class and ensure them from â€Å"disintegrating† because they are already exposed to the curricula being taught , where as those of lower social classes and other ethnicities are not, giving the upper class, yet another social and economic advantage. Conflict theorists argue that the organization and structure of society are based on domination and oppression. Society is a competitive arena where groups struggle for authority as the dominant group assembles society for their benefit.With the proper up-bringing and education a person can accomplish most anything because human abilities are infinite. Conflict theorists find that all social institutions are structured to benefit the dominant class and vanquish the lower social class by making them think and/or feel a certain way. â€Å"The â€Å"haves† often use coercive power and manipulation to hold society together to their benefit, but this theory recognizes that change is inevitable and sometimes rapid, as the conflicts of the interest lead to the overthrow of existing power structures. † (Sociology of Education, pg. 7) Using education to manipulate the lower class, the elite teach the poor that they deserve to be at the bottom to prevent rebellion. One mechanism used is another institution that has been an issue in public education since it conception. Religion, â€Å"the opiate of the masses† dulls your senses and provides a false perception of society. The Protestant sector was the at one time the only schooling available and influenced what was taught for decades. Protestant ethic states that your future is predetermined at birth, therefore legitimizing the rule of the dominant.This is often referred to as blame the victim ideology. It puts the crisis of poverty on the poor and releases the elite of responsibility. During the Industrial era the upper class concentrated on developing hidden curriculum that based its importance on the structure, rather than the subject matter, teaching children to be worthy workers, consumers, and citizens. This hidden curriculum â€Å"contains a social and eco nomic agenda that is responsible for separation social classes, giving elites more freedom and opportunity, and training non-elites to accept their lot as obedient, punctual workers. (Sociology of Education, pg. 260) For the working class schooling follows simple skills curricula with little thought put into the work, while upper class students learn to reason and conceptualize subject matters. Schooling was set in place for the working class to produce disciplined, punctual, obedient workers who had basic skills and were content with repetitious tasks. In the modern era private schooling arose in response to the rise of Capitalism to assure advancement and success of the dominant class and their children.The availability of high quality education is limited to the rich. Public schools are funded by property tax assuring lower class communities to have poor public schools. In segregated and poor cities schools do not have the adequate funds for sufficient buildings, staff, or suppli es. â€Å"Critics also willfully ignore the health conditions and the psychological disarray of children growing up in burnt-out housing, playing on contaminated land, and walking past acres of smoldering garbage on their way to school.They also ignore the vast expense entailed in trying to make up for the debilitated skills of many parents who were prior victims of these segregated schools or those of Mississippi. †(Savage Inequalities, pg. 37) This is a perfect example of the elite using their power in society including media, politics, and general influence in the education system to keep the poor at the bottom for generations. Private schools are beyond the reach of the poor due to significantly high tuition charges.It is tragic enough that poverty stricken regions have floods in the halls and rats in the cafeteria, but even public schools that are moderately wealthy tend to be bias to class origins, regarding lower class students differently. Bowes and Gintis’ Eco nomic Reproduction theory stresses the role of capitalists, the dictators, in determining the structure of society. It is based on the principle that there must be a correspondence between the needs of the economic systems and the shape, form, and function of all social institutions.Within the class system a specific human identity must be formed for capitalism to function. One way this is done is keeping the unemployment rate high, by producing a reserve army of skilled labor wages stay low. Bourdieu’s theory of Cultural Capital states that the operation of schooling in America favors the upper classes by privileging their cultural knowledge and devaluing that of the lower class. Cultural capital is general knowledge, background, disposition, and skills that are passed down from one generation to the next.Upper class children, by virtue of certain linguistic and cultural competence acquired through family upbringing, are provided the means of appropriation for success in sch ools. In the film To Sir, with Love the illustration of cultural capital was apparent as Thackeray throws out regular learning curricula, literally, and starts teaching basic skills and manners of society, also known as cultural capital. Thackeray even takes the class on weekly field trips to museums exposing them to art and history that is common knowledge to the upper class.By growing up in an environment where you are read to every night by your parents, take trips to museums, attend concerts, and so on, the academic performance, in schools based around the upper class culture, is translated into economic success by getting better jobs. In To Sir, with Love at the end of the film a graduating student got a job as a page boy, today known as a bell hops, and was proud and excited about his future in the work world, but was set on eventually going to a secondary night school to improve his chances at upward mobility.With a greater sense of cultural capital it gave the students in th e film higher aspirations and confidence, because in reality without it they had no chance in a social structure controlled by the elite. Education is valued differently from one social class to the next. For the lower class education is valued, but considered out of reach and abstract. Middle class view it as a ladder, â€Å"If you work hard upward mobility is a possibility. † The upper class perspective of education is based more on connections rather than the actual education received, which are easily found when your parents are members of elite social clubs.Paul Willis Resistance Theory, contrary to Bourdieu’s premise, deems that culture mediates between social structure and individual action. The reason youth view restricted and meaningless jobs to be sensible for them are due to the process of autonomy. Willis argues that there are two types of working class student cultures; the Ear’oles, who aspire to middle class occupations and comply with school norm s and the Lads, or resistors, who reject school ideology in attempts of maintaining their own culture. This is done by overthrowing teacher and administrative authority and disrupting classes.This was also displayed by Thackeray’s class when they continually harassed him by cutting off the legs of his desk and even burning a used feminine toiletry on the classroom fireplace. The root of this objection is a direct response of the realization of the exceedingly limited chances for upward mobility leaving the working class resentful and confrontational. Willis points out the problematic view points of the working class keeping them from advancing in the social structure of society are the principles that devalue mental work and their inferiority of the female.Because people do not react passively to domination the cultural level of the working class is marked by contestation, resistance, and or compromise making school a site for class conflict. Willis and Bourdieu’s theo ries are both mechanisms of social reproduction in that they acknowledge that schools are institutions structured to implement the desires of capitalists, but before looking at the structure of the education system he first examines the culture, attitudes, and experiences of the lower class youth. By considering only the nonconformist lads in his study, Willis is hard-pressed to illuminate the purely institutional mechanisms that constrain the social mobility of working class individuals.And his insistence on the autonomy of culture means that his actual account of how the lads end up in manual labor occupations is remarkably free of attention to structurally embedded constraints. † (Reproduction Theory Reconsidered, pg. 136) As the theory of Resistance focuses on the culture of social classes and how aspirations are haped and altered by the lifestyle of the lower class, Cultural Capital concentrates on the influence structure within society’s institutions, including ed ucation, have on social classes and ultimately their outcomes in life. â€Å"Aspirations provide a conceptual link between structure and agency in that they are rooted firmly in individual proclivity (agency) but also are acutely sensitive to perceived societal constrains (structure). † (Reproduction Theory Reconsidered, pg. 137)